https://sgwiki.com/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporean&feed=atom&action=historyIndian Singaporean - Revision history2024-03-29T05:32:50ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.37.0https://sgwiki.com/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporean&diff=445216&oldid=prevBbb23: /* History */2019-03-28T07:45:38Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">History</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:45, 28 March 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l2">Line 2:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 2:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Indian contact, trade and migration to Southeast Asia began in ancient times and continued in the British colonial period, i.e. from the colonisation of Penang in 1786 to World War II. While the impact on Southeast Asian civilisation and culture was significant, no large settled communities of ethnic Indians were formed. Under the British, not all migration was voluntary. The earliest Indians to arrive were soldiers, known as sepoys in the British Army, who helped set up the earliest British colonial and military presence in Malaya (the earliest maps in Singapore show areas laid out for the "sepoy lines"). Following the soldiers came a handful of entrepreneurs like Narayana Pillay, who arrived in Singapore with Sir Stamford Raffles, the settlement's colonial 'founder'. Pillay was a successful businessman, Singapore's first building contractor and founder of the first Hindu temple, the Sri Mariamman Temple. The early settlements in Malaya (called the Straits Settlements), were ruled by the colonial government in Calcutta. When labour was needed to build the settlement's earliest roads, bridges, buildings and other infrastructure, convicts were sent.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Indian contact, trade and migration to Southeast Asia began in ancient times and continued in the British colonial period, i.e. from the colonisation of Penang in 1786 to World War II. While the impact on Southeast Asian civilisation and culture was significant, no large settled communities of ethnic Indians were formed. Under the British, not all migration was voluntary. The earliest Indians to arrive were soldiers, known as sepoys in the British Army, who helped set up the earliest British colonial and military presence in Malaya (the earliest maps in Singapore show areas laid out for the "sepoy lines"). Following the soldiers came a handful of entrepreneurs like Narayana Pillay, who arrived in Singapore with Sir Stamford Raffles, the settlement's colonial 'founder'. Pillay was a successful businessman, Singapore's first building contractor and founder of the first Hindu temple, the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Sri Mariamman Temple<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>. The early settlements in Malaya (called the Straits Settlements), were ruled by the colonial government in Calcutta. When labour was needed to build the settlement's earliest roads, bridges, buildings and other infrastructure, convicts were sent.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The largest group of Indian migrants to Malaya during the colonial period were South Indian (mainly from the Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam language communities, with the [[Tamil]]s in the majority because they lived in the lands closest to Malaya). Some came as economc migrants and provided a pool of skilled and unskilled labour. A minority were well-educated entrepreneurs and professionals, many occupations being filled along caste and language lines, But the majority of those who came were recruited as 'indentured workers'. Malaya was the world's largest source of rubber, and the native Malays (the bumiputra) and immigrant Chinese were unwilling to work on the rural plantations, so to protect their investment, the plantation owners closely regulated and supervised their new workers and held them in debt bondage.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The largest group of Indian migrants to Malaya during the colonial period were South Indian (mainly from the Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam language communities, with the [[Tamil]]s in the majority because they lived in the lands closest to Malaya). Some came as economc migrants and provided a pool of skilled and unskilled labour. A minority were well-educated entrepreneurs and professionals, many occupations being filled along caste and language lines, But the majority of those who came were recruited as 'indentured workers'. Malaya was the world's largest source of rubber, and the native Malays (the bumiputra) and immigrant Chinese were unwilling to work on the rural plantations, so to protect their investment, the plantation owners closely regulated and supervised their new workers and held them in debt bondage.</div></td></tr>
</table>Bbb23https://sgwiki.com/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporean&diff=427788&oldid=prevVibrant Express: /* History */2018-10-17T15:00:46Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">History</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:00, 17 October 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l4">Line 4:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 4:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Indian contact, trade and migration to Southeast Asia began in ancient times and continued in the British colonial period, i.e. from the colonisation of Penang in 1786 to World War II. While the impact on Southeast Asian civilisation and culture was significant, no large settled communities of ethnic Indians were formed. Under the British, not all migration was voluntary. The earliest Indians to arrive were soldiers, known as sepoys in the British Army, who helped set up the earliest British colonial and military presence in Malaya (the earliest maps in Singapore show areas laid out for the "sepoy lines"). Following the soldiers came a handful of entrepreneurs like Narayana Pillay, who arrived in Singapore with Sir Stamford Raffles, the settlement's colonial 'founder'. Pillay was a successful businessman, Singapore's first building contractor and founder of the first Hindu temple, the Sri Mariamman Temple. The early settlements in Malaya (called the Straits Settlements), were ruled by the colonial government in Calcutta. When labour was needed to build the settlement's earliest roads, bridges, buildings and other infrastructure, convicts were sent.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Indian contact, trade and migration to Southeast Asia began in ancient times and continued in the British colonial period, i.e. from the colonisation of Penang in 1786 to World War II. While the impact on Southeast Asian civilisation and culture was significant, no large settled communities of ethnic Indians were formed. Under the British, not all migration was voluntary. The earliest Indians to arrive were soldiers, known as sepoys in the British Army, who helped set up the earliest British colonial and military presence in Malaya (the earliest maps in Singapore show areas laid out for the "sepoy lines"). Following the soldiers came a handful of entrepreneurs like Narayana Pillay, who arrived in Singapore with Sir Stamford Raffles, the settlement's colonial 'founder'. Pillay was a successful businessman, Singapore's first building contractor and founder of the first Hindu temple, the Sri Mariamman Temple. The early settlements in Malaya (called the Straits Settlements), were ruled by the colonial government in Calcutta. When labour was needed to build the settlement's earliest roads, bridges, buildings and other infrastructure, convicts were sent.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The largest group of Indian migrants to Malaya during the colonial period were South Indian (mainly from the Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam language communities, with the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tamils </del>in the majority because they lived in the lands closest to Malaya). Some came as economc migrants and provided a pool of skilled and unskilled labour. A minority were well-educated entrepreneurs and professionals, many occupations being filled along caste and language lines, But the majority of those who came were recruited as 'indentured workers'. Malaya was the world's largest source of rubber, and the native Malays (the bumiputra) and immigrant Chinese were unwilling to work on the rural plantations, so to protect their investment, the plantation owners closely regulated and supervised their new workers and held them in debt bondage.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The largest group of Indian migrants to Malaya during the colonial period were South Indian (mainly from the Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam language communities, with the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Tamil]]s </ins>in the majority because they lived in the lands closest to Malaya). Some came as economc migrants and provided a pool of skilled and unskilled labour. A minority were well-educated entrepreneurs and professionals, many occupations being filled along caste and language lines, But the majority of those who came were recruited as 'indentured workers'. Malaya was the world's largest source of rubber, and the native Malays (the bumiputra) and immigrant Chinese were unwilling to work on the rural plantations, so to protect their investment, the plantation owners closely regulated and supervised their new workers and held them in debt bondage.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A number of groups found their own niches: Sri Lankan Tamils tended to work as clerks, junior civil servants and in the professions; Christian Malayalis from Kerala were English educated and worked mainly in the civil service; Sikhs from the Punjab were the backbone of the armed forces and the police force, and worked as private security guards; Tamil Muslims, Sindhis and Gujaratis were often small traders; and the Chettiar caste of Tamils were moneylender and currency changers.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A number of groups found their own niches: Sri Lankan Tamils tended to work as clerks, junior civil servants and in the professions; Christian Malayalis from Kerala were English educated and worked mainly in the civil service; Sikhs from the Punjab were the backbone of the armed forces and the police force, and worked as private security guards; Tamil Muslims, Sindhis and Gujaratis were often small traders; and the Chettiar caste of Tamils were moneylender and currency changers.</div></td></tr>
</table>Vibrant Expresshttps://sgwiki.com/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporean&diff=426169&oldid=prevVibrant Express: /* Modern Singapore */2018-10-07T06:44:04Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Modern Singapore</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:44, 7 October 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l11">Line 11:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 11:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Modern Singapore==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Modern Singapore==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Indians form about <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8</del>% of the Singapore population. Slightly more than half are Tamil Hindus. The remainder are mainly Christian or Muslim, with a minority of Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists. After Tamil the main Indian languages are Hindi, Malayalam, Punjabi, and Gujerati. Singapore has a smaller proportion of citizen of Indian origin because it did not have any large rubber plantations. Consequently, the urbanised population is better educated and tends to be more socio-economically advanced than Indian Malaysians. The population percentage remains quite small because, as with other ethnic groups and societies, the more successful families have tended to have fewer children.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Indians form about <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9.1</ins>% of the Singapore population. Slightly more than half are Tamil Hindus. The remainder are mainly Christian or Muslim, with a minority of Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists. After Tamil the main Indian languages are Hindi, Malayalam, Punjabi, and Gujerati. Singapore has a smaller proportion of citizen of Indian origin because it did not have any large rubber plantations. Consequently, the urbanised population is better educated and tends to be more socio-economically advanced than Indian Malaysians. The population percentage remains quite small because, as with other ethnic groups and societies, the more successful families have tended to have fewer children.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As an avowedly multi-ethnic nation, the Singapore Constitution enshrines Tamil as one of the four official languages of Singapore (along with English, Malay and Mandarin). Deepavali, the Hindu festival of lights, is also a national public holiday.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As an avowedly multi-ethnic nation, the Singapore Constitution enshrines Tamil as one of the four official languages of Singapore (along with English, Malay and Mandarin). Deepavali, the Hindu festival of lights, is also a national public holiday.</div></td></tr>
</table>Vibrant Expresshttps://sgwiki.com/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporean&diff=268291&oldid=prevApex-LW'21 at 13:19, 10 February 20142014-02-10T13:19:00Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:19, 10 February 2014</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The term '''Indian Singaporean''' refers to any <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Singapore<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] [[</del>citizen<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>South Asian<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] [[</del>ancestry<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>. Most Indian Singaporeans are second, third or even fourth generation decendants of migrants from the Indian subcontinent to Singapore and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Malaysia<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>(known collectively as British Malaya in the pre-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>World War II<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] [[</del>colonial<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>period). A small and shrinking number of older Indian Singaporeans are themselves direct (i.e. first generation) migrants from the subcontinent. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The term '''Indian Singaporean''' refers to any Singapore citizen of South Asian ancestry. Most Indian Singaporeans are second, third or even fourth generation decendants of migrants from the Indian subcontinent to Singapore and Malaysia (known collectively as British Malaya in the pre-World War II colonial period). A small and shrinking number of older Indian Singaporeans are themselves direct (i.e. first generation) migrants from the subcontinent.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Indian contact, trade and migration to Southeast Asia began in ancient times and continued in the British colonial period, i.e. from the colonisation of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Penang<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>in 1786 to World War II. While the impact on Southeast Asian civilisation and culture was significant, no large settled communities of ethnic Indians were formed. Under the British, not all migration was voluntary. The earliest Indians to arrive were soldiers, known as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>sepoys<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>in the British Army, who helped set up the earliest British colonial and military presence in Malaya (the earliest maps in Singapore show areas laid out for the "sepoy lines"). Following the soldiers came a handful of entrepreneurs like <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Narayana Pillay<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>, who arrived in Singapore with <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Sir Stamford Raffles<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>, the settlement's colonial 'founder'. Pillay was a successful businessman, Singapore's first building contractor and founder of the first Hindu temple, the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Sri Mariamman Temple<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>. The early settlements in Malaya (called the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Straits Settlements<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>), were ruled by the colonial government in Calcutta. When labour was needed to build the settlement's earliest roads, bridges, buildings and other infrastructure, convicts were sent. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Indian contact, trade and migration to Southeast Asia began in ancient times and continued in the British colonial period, i.e. from the colonisation of Penang in 1786 to World War II. While the impact on Southeast Asian civilisation and culture was significant, no large settled communities of ethnic Indians were formed. Under the British, not all migration was voluntary. The earliest Indians to arrive were soldiers, known as sepoys in the British Army, who helped set up the earliest British colonial and military presence in Malaya (the earliest maps in Singapore show areas laid out for the "sepoy lines"). Following the soldiers came a handful of entrepreneurs like Narayana Pillay, who arrived in Singapore with Sir Stamford Raffles, the settlement's colonial 'founder'. Pillay was a successful businessman, Singapore's first building contractor and founder of the first Hindu temple, the Sri Mariamman Temple. The early settlements in Malaya (called the Straits Settlements), were ruled by the colonial government in Calcutta. When labour was needed to build the settlement's earliest roads, bridges, buildings and other infrastructure, convicts were sent.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The largest group of Indian migrants to Malaya during the colonial period were South Indian (mainly from the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Tamil <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">language|Tamil]]</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Telugu<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Malayalam<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>language communities, with the Tamils in the majority because they lived in the lands closest to Malaya). Some came as economc migrants and provided a pool of skilled and unskilled labour. A minority were well-educated entrepreneurs and professionals, many occupations being filled along caste and language lines, But the majority of those who came were recruited as 'indentured workers'. Malaya was the world's largest source of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>rubber<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>, and the native Malays (the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>bumiputra<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>) and immigrant Chinese were unwilling to work on the rural plantations, so to protect their investment, the plantation owners closely regulated and supervised their new workers and held them in debt bondage.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The largest group of Indian migrants to Malaya during the colonial period were South Indian (mainly from the Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam language communities, with the Tamils in the majority because they lived in the lands closest to Malaya). Some came as economc migrants and provided a pool of skilled and unskilled labour. A minority were well-educated entrepreneurs and professionals, many occupations being filled along caste and language lines, But the majority of those who came were recruited as 'indentured workers'. Malaya was the world's largest source of rubber, and the native Malays (the bumiputra) and immigrant Chinese were unwilling to work on the rural plantations, so to protect their investment, the plantation owners closely regulated and supervised their new workers and held them in debt bondage.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A number of groups found their own niches: <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Sri Lankan<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>Tamils tended to work as clerks, junior civil servants and in the professions; Christian Malayalis from <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Kerala<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>were English educated and worked mainly in the civil service; <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Sikhs<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>from the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Punjab<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>were the backbone of the armed forces and the police force, and worked as private security guards; Tamil <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Muslims<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Sindhi]]s </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Gujarat|Gujarati]]s </del>were often small traders; and the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Chettiar<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>caste of Tamils were moneylender and currency changers. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A number of groups found their own niches: Sri Lankan Tamils tended to work as clerks, junior civil servants and in the professions; Christian Malayalis from Kerala were English educated and worked mainly in the civil service; Sikhs from the Punjab were the backbone of the armed forces and the police force, and worked as private security guards; Tamil Muslims, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sindhis </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Gujaratis </ins>were often small traders; and the Chettiar caste of Tamils were moneylender and currency changers.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Given this pattern of migration and settlement, the Indian community in Malaya was fragmented and dispersed unevenly along various cultural and professional lines.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Given this pattern of migration and settlement, the Indian community in Malaya was fragmented and dispersed unevenly along various cultural and professional lines.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l13">Line 13:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 13:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Indians form about 8% of the Singapore population. Slightly more than half are Tamil Hindus. The remainder are mainly Christian or Muslim, with a minority of Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists. After Tamil the main Indian languages are Hindi, Malayalam, Punjabi, and Gujerati. Singapore has a smaller proportion of citizen of Indian origin because it did not have any large rubber plantations. Consequently, the urbanised population is better educated and tends to be more socio-economically advanced than Indian Malaysians. The population percentage remains quite small because, as with other ethnic groups and societies, the more successful families have tended to have fewer children.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Indians form about 8% of the Singapore population. Slightly more than half are Tamil Hindus. The remainder are mainly Christian or Muslim, with a minority of Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists. After Tamil the main Indian languages are Hindi, Malayalam, Punjabi, and Gujerati. Singapore has a smaller proportion of citizen of Indian origin because it did not have any large rubber plantations. Consequently, the urbanised population is better educated and tends to be more socio-economically advanced than Indian Malaysians. The population percentage remains quite small because, as with other ethnic groups and societies, the more successful families have tended to have fewer children.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As an avowedly multi-ethnic nation, the Singapore Constitution enshrines Tamil as one of the four official languages of Singapore (along with English, Malay and Mandarin). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Deepavali<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>, the Hindu festival of lights, is also a national public holiday.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As an avowedly multi-ethnic nation, the Singapore Constitution enshrines Tamil as one of the four official languages of Singapore (along with English, Malay and Mandarin). Deepavali, the Hindu festival of lights, is also a national public holiday.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>More than other ethnic groups, Indians are highly stratified in terms of class with little upward mobility. Although a fairly large group occupies the middle and higher sectors of Singaporean society, the community is disproportionately represented at the bottom of the social ladder. This imbalance has been accentuated by the recent emigration of many well-qualified Indian Singaporeans to English-speaking developed countries, especially Australia (this was part of a general migration by upper and middle class but somewhat marginalised cultural minorities like the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Peranakan]]s</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Eurasian]]s</del>, and gays). The lack of opportunity for the lower class Indians is addressed by the community and the government through nationally-santioned ethnic 'self-help' groups which have helped to reverse declining educational performance, and to stimulate debate about <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>caste<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>within the community.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>More than other ethnic groups, Indians are highly stratified in terms of class with little upward mobility. Although a fairly large group occupies the middle and higher sectors of Singaporean society, the community is disproportionately represented at the bottom of the social ladder. This imbalance has been accentuated by the recent emigration of many well-qualified Indian Singaporeans to English-speaking developed countries, especially Australia (this was part of a general migration by upper and middle class but somewhat marginalised cultural minorities like the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Peranakans</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Eurasians</ins>, and gays). The lack of opportunity for the lower class Indians is addressed by the community and the government through nationally-santioned ethnic 'self-help' groups which have helped to reverse declining educational performance, and to stimulate debate about caste within the community.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==New waves of migration==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==New waves of migration==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l23">Line 23:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 23:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Demographics of Singapore]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Demographics of Singapore]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[category:Overseas Indian groups|Singaporean]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
</table>Apex-LW'21https://sgwiki.com/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporean&diff=202572&oldid=prevApex-LW'21 at 13:35, 20 May 20122012-05-20T13:35:19Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:35, 20 May 2012</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Editing Indian Singaporean[[http://www.sgwiki.com/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporean&action=edit]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The term '''Indian Singaporean''' refers to any [[Singapore]] [[citizen]] of [[South Asian]] [[ancestry]]. Most Indian Singaporeans are second, third or even fourth generation decendants of migrants from the Indian subcontinent to Singapore and [[Malaysia]] (known collectively as British Malaya in the pre-[[World War II]] [[colonial]] period). A small and shrinking number of older Indian Singaporeans are themselves direct (i.e. first generation) migrants from the subcontinent. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The term '''Indian Singaporean''' refers to any [[Singapore]] [[citizen]] of [[South Asian]] [[ancestry]]. Most Indian Singaporeans are second, third or even fourth generation decendants of migrants from the Indian subcontinent to Singapore and [[Malaysia]] (known collectively as British Malaya in the pre-[[World War II]] [[colonial]] period). A small and shrinking number of older Indian Singaporeans are themselves direct (i.e. first generation) migrants from the subcontinent. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>Apex-LW'21https://sgwiki.com/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporean&diff=33873&oldid=prevAlien: /* History */2006-01-31T09:53:26Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">History</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:53, 31 January 2006</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l26">Line 26:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 26:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Demographics of Singapore]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Demographics of Singapore]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[category:Overseas Indian groups|Singaporean]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[category:Overseas Indian groups|Singaporean]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==History==</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Indian contact, trade and migration to Southeast Asia began in ancient times and continued in the British colonial period, i.e. from the colonisation of [[Penang]] in 1786 to World War II. While the impact on Southeast Asian civilisation and culture was significant, no large settled communities of ethnic Indians were formed. Under the British, not all migration was voluntary. The earliest Indians to arrive were soldiers, known as [[sepoys]] in the British Army, who helped set up the earliest British colonial and military presence in Malaya (the earliest maps in Singapore show areas laid out for the "sepoy lines"). Following the soldiers came a handful of entrepreneurs like [[Narayana Pillay]], who arrived in Singapore with [[Sir Stamford Raffles]], the settlement's colonial 'founder'. Pillay was a successful businessman, Singapore's first building contractor and founder of the first Hindu temple, the [[Sri Mariamman Temple]]. The early settlements in Malaya (called the [[Straits Settlements]]), were ruled by the colonial government in Calcutta. When labour was needed to build the settlement's earliest roads, bridges, buildings and other infrastructure, convicts were sent. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The largest group of Indian migrants to Malaya during the colonial period were South Indian (mainly from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu]], and [[Malayalam]] language communities, with the Tamils in the majority because they lived in the lands closest to Malaya). Some came as economc migrants and provided a pool of skilled and unskilled labour. A minority were well-educated entrepreneurs and professionals, many occupations being filled along caste and language lines, But the majority of those who came were recruited as 'indentured workers'. Malaya was the world's largest source of [[rubber]], and the native Malays (the [[bumiputra]]) and immigrant Chinese were unwilling to work on the rural plantations, so to protect their investment, the plantation owners closely regulated and supervised their new workers and held them in debt bondage.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A number of groups found their own niches: [[Sri Lankan]] Tamils tended to work as clerks, junior civil servants and in the professions; Christian Malayalis from [[Kerala]] were English educated and worked mainly in the civil service; [[Sikhs]] from the [[Punjab]] were the backbone of the armed forces and the police force, and worked as private security guards; Tamil [[Muslims]], [[Sindhi]]s and [[Gujarat|Gujarati]]s were often small traders; and the [[Chettiar]] caste of Tamils were moneylender and currency changers. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Given this pattern of migration and settlement, the Indian community in Malaya was fragmented and dispersed unevenly along various cultural and professional lines.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
</table>Alienhttps://sgwiki.com/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporean&diff=33872&oldid=prevAlien at 09:52, 31 January 20062006-01-31T09:52:59Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:52, 31 January 2006</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Editing Indian Singaporean[[http://www.sgwiki.com/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporean&action=edit]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The term '''Indian Singaporean''' refers to any [[Singapore]] [[citizen]] of [[South Asian]] [[ancestry]]. Most Indian Singaporeans are second, third or even fourth generation decendants of migrants from the Indian subcontinent to Singapore and [[Malaysia]] (known collectively as British Malaya in the pre-[[World War II]] [[colonial]] period). A small and shrinking number of older Indian Singaporeans are themselves direct (i.e. first generation) migrants from the subcontinent. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The term '''Indian Singaporean''' refers to any [[Singapore]] [[citizen]] of [[South Asian]] [[ancestry]]. Most Indian Singaporeans are second, third or even fourth generation decendants of migrants from the Indian subcontinent to Singapore and [[Malaysia]] (known collectively as British Malaya in the pre-[[World War II]] [[colonial]] period). A small and shrinking number of older Indian Singaporeans are themselves direct (i.e. first generation) migrants from the subcontinent. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l34">Line 34:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 36:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Given this pattern of migration and settlement, the Indian community in Malaya was fragmented and dispersed unevenly along various cultural and professional lines.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Given this pattern of migration and settlement, the Indian community in Malaya was fragmented and dispersed unevenly along various cultural and professional lines.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Modern Singapore==</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Indians form about 8% of the Singapore population. Slightly more than half are Tamil Hindus. The remainder are mainly Christian or Muslim, with a minority of Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists. After Tamil the main Indian languages are Hindi, Malayalam, Punjabi, and Gujerati. Singapore has a smaller proportion of citizen of Indian origin because it did not have any large rubber plantations. Consequently, the urbanised population is better educated and tends to be more socio-economically advanced than Indian Malaysians. The population percentage remains quite small because, as with other ethnic groups and societies, the more successful families have tended to have fewer children.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As an avowedly multi-ethnic nation, the Singapore Constitution enshrines Tamil as one of the four official languages of Singapore (along with English, Malay and Mandarin). [[Deepavali]], the Hindu festival of lights, is also a national public holiday.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">More than other ethnic groups, Indians are highly stratified in terms of class with little upward mobility. Although a fairly large group occupies the middle and higher sectors of Singaporean society, the community is disproportionately represented at the bottom of the social ladder. This imbalance has been accentuated by the recent emigration of many well-qualified Indian Singaporeans to English-speaking developed countries, especially Australia (this was part of a general migration by upper and middle class but somewhat marginalised cultural minorities like the [[Peranakan]]s, [[Eurasian]]s, and gays). The lack of opportunity for the lower class Indians is addressed by the community and the government through nationally-santioned ethnic 'self-help' groups which have helped to reverse declining educational performance, and to stimulate debate about [[caste]] within the community.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==New waves of migration==</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">From the 1990s onward, Singapore's policy has been actively to attract highly skilled migrants from around the world and this has produced a fairly large expatriate Indian community of well-educated and wealthy professional and business people. It remains to be seen how permanent this migration is. Most have retained their Indian citizenship, although some have been granted Permanent Residence status. Interaction between the local and expatriate Indian community remains ambivalent rather than easy and natural. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Transient guest workers who come to work in Singapore on short-stay work permits as unskilled or semi-skilled workers form a third Indian community. There is little interaction between this group and either the 'expat' or 'local' Indian communities.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Demographics of Singapore]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[category:Overseas Indian groups|Singaporean]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==History==</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Indian contact, trade and migration to Southeast Asia began in ancient times and continued in the British colonial period, i.e. from the colonisation of [[Penang]] in 1786 to World War II. While the impact on Southeast Asian civilisation and culture was significant, no large settled communities of ethnic Indians were formed. Under the British, not all migration was voluntary. The earliest Indians to arrive were soldiers, known as [[sepoys]] in the British Army, who helped set up the earliest British colonial and military presence in Malaya (the earliest maps in Singapore show areas laid out for the "sepoy lines"). Following the soldiers came a handful of entrepreneurs like [[Narayana Pillay]], who arrived in Singapore with [[Sir Stamford Raffles]], the settlement's colonial 'founder'. Pillay was a successful businessman, Singapore's first building contractor and founder of the first Hindu temple, the [[Sri Mariamman Temple]]. The early settlements in Malaya (called the [[Straits Settlements]]), were ruled by the colonial government in Calcutta. When labour was needed to build the settlement's earliest roads, bridges, buildings and other infrastructure, convicts were sent. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The largest group of Indian migrants to Malaya during the colonial period were South Indian (mainly from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu]], and [[Malayalam]] language communities, with the Tamils in the majority because they lived in the lands closest to Malaya). Some came as economc migrants and provided a pool of skilled and unskilled labour. A minority were well-educated entrepreneurs and professionals, many occupations being filled along caste and language lines, But the majority of those who came were recruited as 'indentured workers'. Malaya was the world's largest source of [[rubber]], and the native Malays (the [[bumiputra]]) and immigrant Chinese were unwilling to work on the rural plantations, so to protect their investment, the plantation owners closely regulated and supervised their new workers and held them in debt bondage.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A number of groups found their own niches: [[Sri Lankan]] Tamils tended to work as clerks, junior civil servants and in the professions; Christian Malayalis from [[Kerala]] were English educated and worked mainly in the civil service; [[Sikhs]] from the [[Punjab]] were the backbone of the armed forces and the police force, and worked as private security guards; Tamil [[Muslims]], [[Sindhi]]s and [[Gujarat|Gujarati]]s were often small traders; and the [[Chettiar]] caste of Tamils were moneylender and currency changers. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Given this pattern of migration and settlement, the Indian community in Malaya was fragmented and dispersed unevenly along various cultural and professional lines.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Modern Singapore==</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Indians form about 8% of the Singapore population. Slightly more than half are Tamil Hindus. The remainder are mainly Christian or Muslim, with a minority of Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists. After Tamil the main Indian languages are Hindi, Malayalam, Punjabi, and Gujerati. Singapore has a smaller proportion of citizen of Indian origin because it did not have any large rubber plantations. Consequently, the urbanised population is better educated and tends to be more socio-economically advanced than Indian Malaysians. The population percentage remains quite small because, as with other ethnic groups and societies, the more successful families have tended to have fewer children.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As an avowedly multi-ethnic nation, the Singapore Constitution enshrines Tamil as one of the four official languages of Singapore (along with English, Malay and Mandarin). [[Deepavali]], the Hindu festival of lights, is also a national public holiday.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">More than other ethnic groups, Indians are highly stratified in terms of class with little upward mobility. Although a fairly large group occupies the middle and higher sectors of Singaporean society, the community is disproportionately represented at the bottom of the social ladder. This imbalance has been accentuated by the recent emigration of many well-qualified Indian Singaporeans to English-speaking developed countries, especially Australia (this was part of a general migration by upper and middle class but somewhat marginalised cultural minorities like the [[Peranakan]]s, [[Eurasian]]s, and gays). The lack of opportunity for the lower class Indians is addressed by the community and the government through nationally-santioned ethnic 'self-help' groups which have helped to reverse declining educational performance, and to stimulate debate about [[caste]] within the community.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==New waves of migration==</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">From the 1990s onward, Singapore's policy has been actively to attract highly skilled migrants from around the world and this has produced a fairly large expatriate Indian community of well-educated and wealthy professional and business people. It remains to be seen how permanent this migration is. Most have retained their Indian citizenship, although some have been granted Permanent Residence status. Interaction between the local and expatriate Indian community remains ambivalent rather than easy and natural. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Transient guest workers who come to work in Singapore on short-stay work permits as unskilled or semi-skilled workers form a third Indian community. There is little interaction between this group and either the 'expat' or 'local' Indian communities.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Demographics of Singapore]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[category:Overseas Indian groups|Singaporean]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==History==</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Indian contact, trade and migration to Southeast Asia began in ancient times and continued in the British colonial period, i.e. from the colonisation of [[Penang]] in 1786 to World War II. While the impact on Southeast Asian civilisation and culture was significant, no large settled communities of ethnic Indians were formed. Under the British, not all migration was voluntary. The earliest Indians to arrive were soldiers, known as [[sepoys]] in the British Army, who helped set up the earliest British colonial and military presence in Malaya (the earliest maps in Singapore show areas laid out for the "sepoy lines"). Following the soldiers came a handful of entrepreneurs like [[Narayana Pillay]], who arrived in Singapore with [[Sir Stamford Raffles]], the settlement's colonial 'founder'. Pillay was a successful businessman, Singapore's first building contractor and founder of the first Hindu temple, the [[Sri Mariamman Temple]]. The early settlements in Malaya (called the [[Straits Settlements]]), were ruled by the colonial government in Calcutta. When labour was needed to build the settlement's earliest roads, bridges, buildings and other infrastructure, convicts were sent. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The largest group of Indian migrants to Malaya during the colonial period were South Indian (mainly from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu]], and [[Malayalam]] language communities, with the Tamils in the majority because they lived in the lands closest to Malaya). Some came as economc migrants and provided a pool of skilled and unskilled labour. A minority were well-educated entrepreneurs and professionals, many occupations being filled along caste and language lines, But the majority of those who came were recruited as 'indentured workers'. Malaya was the world's largest source of [[rubber]], and the native Malays (the [[bumiputra]]) and immigrant Chinese were unwilling to work on the rural plantations, so to protect their investment, the plantation owners closely regulated and supervised their new workers and held them in debt bondage.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A number of groups found their own niches: [[Sri Lankan]] Tamils tended to work as clerks, junior civil servants and in the professions; Christian Malayalis from [[Kerala]] were English educated and worked mainly in the civil service; [[Sikhs]] from the [[Punjab]] were the backbone of the armed forces and the police force, and worked as private security guards; Tamil [[Muslims]], [[Sindhi]]s and [[Gujarat|Gujarati]]s were often small traders; and the [[Chettiar]] caste of Tamils were moneylender and currency changers. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Given this pattern of migration and settlement, the Indian community in Malaya was fragmented and dispersed unevenly along various cultural and professional lines.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Modern Singapore==</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Indians form about 8% of the Singapore population. Slightly more than half are Tamil Hindus. The remainder are mainly Christian or Muslim, with a minority of Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists. After Tamil the main Indian languages are Hindi, Malayalam, Punjabi, and Gujerati. Singapore has a smaller proportion of citizen of Indian origin because it did not have any large rubber plantations. Consequently, the urbanised population is better educated and tends to be more socio-economically advanced than Indian Malaysians. The population percentage remains quite small because, as with other ethnic groups and societies, the more successful families have tended to have fewer children.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As an avowedly multi-ethnic nation, the Singapore Constitution enshrines Tamil as one of the four official languages of Singapore (along with English, Malay and Mandarin). [[Deepavali]], the Hindu festival of lights, is also a national public holiday.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">More than other ethnic groups, Indians are highly stratified in terms of class with little upward mobility. Although a fairly large group occupies the middle and higher sectors of Singaporean society, the community is disproportionately represented at the bottom of the social ladder. This imbalance has been accentuated by the recent emigration of many well-qualified Indian Singaporeans to English-speaking developed countries, especially Australia (this was part of a general migration by upper and middle class but somewhat marginalised cultural minorities like the [[Peranakan]]s, [[Eurasian]]s, and gays). The lack of opportunity for the lower class Indians is addressed by the community and the government through nationally-santioned ethnic 'self-help' groups which have helped to reverse declining educational performance, and to stimulate debate about [[caste]] within the community.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==New waves of migration==</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">From the 1990s onward, Singapore's policy has been actively to attract highly skilled migrants from around the world and this has produced a fairly large expatriate Indian community of well-educated and wealthy professional and business people. It remains to be seen how permanent this migration is. Most have retained their Indian citizenship, although some have been granted Permanent Residence status. Interaction between the local and expatriate Indian community remains ambivalent rather than easy and natural. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Transient guest workers who come to work in Singapore on short-stay work permits as unskilled or semi-skilled workers form a third Indian community. There is little interaction between this group and either the 'expat' or 'local' Indian communities.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Demographics of Singapore]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[category:Overseas Indian groups|Singaporean]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
</table>Alienhttps://sgwiki.com/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporean&diff=29352&oldid=prev202.33.195.109: Spam removed2005-12-08T16:57:05Z<p>Spam removed</p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:57, 9 December 2005</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http://phentermine-very-special-hand-made.greekboston.comThe </del>term '''Indian Singaporean''' refers to any [[Singapore]] [[citizen]] of [[South Asian]] [[ancestry]]. Most Indian Singaporeans are second, third or even fourth generation decendants of migrants from the Indian subcontinent to Singapore and [[Malaysia]] (known collectively as British Malaya in the pre-[[World War II]] [[colonial]] period). A small and shrinking number of older Indian Singaporeans are themselves direct (i.e. first generation) migrants from the subcontinent. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The </ins>term '''Indian Singaporean''' refers to any [[Singapore]] [[citizen]] of [[South Asian]] [[ancestry]]. Most Indian Singaporeans are second, third or even fourth generation decendants of migrants from the Indian subcontinent to Singapore and [[Malaysia]] (known collectively as British Malaya in the pre-[[World War II]] [[colonial]] period). A small and shrinking number of older Indian Singaporeans are themselves direct (i.e. first generation) migrants from the subcontinent. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==History==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Indian contact, trade and migration to Southeast Asia began in ancient times and continued in the British colonial period, i.e. from the colonisation of [[Penang]] in 1786 to World War II. While the impact on Southeast Asian civilisation and culture was significant, no large settled communities of ethnic Indians were formed. Under the British, not all migration was voluntary. The earliest Indians to arrive were soldiers, known as [[sepoys]] in the British Army, who helped set up the earliest British colonial and military presence in Malaya (the earliest maps in Singapore show areas laid out for the "sepoy lines"). Following the soldiers came a handful of entrepreneurs like [[Narayana Pillay]], who arrived in Singapore with [[Sir Stamford Raffles]], the settlement's colonial 'founder'. Pillay was a successful businessman, Singapore's first building contractor and founder of the first Hindu temple, the [[Sri Mariamman Temple]]. The early settlements in Malaya (called the [[Straits Settlements]]), were ruled by the colonial government in Calcutta. When labour was needed to build the settlement's earliest roads, bridges, buildings and other infrastructure, convicts were sent. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The largest group of Indian migrants to Malaya during the colonial period were South Indian (mainly from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu]], and [[Malayalam]] language communities, with the Tamils in the majority because they lived in the lands closest to Malaya). Some came as economc migrants and provided a pool of skilled and unskilled labour. A minority were well-educated entrepreneurs and professionals, many occupations being filled along caste and language lines, But the majority of those who came were recruited as 'indentured workers'. Malaya was the world's largest source of [[rubber]], and the native Malays (the [[bumiputra]]) and immigrant Chinese were unwilling to work on the rural plantations, so to protect their investment, the plantation owners closely regulated and supervised their new workers and held them in debt bondage.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A number of groups found their own niches: [[Sri Lankan]] Tamils tended to work as clerks, junior civil servants and in the professions; Christian Malayalis from [[Kerala]] were English educated and worked mainly in the civil service; [[Sikhs]] from the [[Punjab]] were the backbone of the armed forces and the police force, and worked as private security guards; Tamil [[Muslims]], [[Sindhi]]s and [[Gujarat|Gujarati]]s were often small traders; and the [[Chettiar]] caste of Tamils were moneylender and currency changers. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Given this pattern of migration and settlement, the Indian community in Malaya was fragmented and dispersed unevenly along various cultural and professional lines.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Modern Singapore==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Indians form about 8% of the Singapore population. Slightly more than half are Tamil Hindus. The remainder are mainly Christian or Muslim, with a minority of Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists. After Tamil the main Indian languages are Hindi, Malayalam, Punjabi, and Gujerati. Singapore has a smaller proportion of citizen of Indian origin because it did not have any large rubber plantations. Consequently, the urbanised population is better educated and tends to be more socio-economically advanced than Indian Malaysians. The population percentage remains quite small because, as with other ethnic groups and societies, the more successful families have tended to have fewer children.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As an avowedly multi-ethnic nation, the Singapore Constitution enshrines Tamil as one of the four official languages of Singapore (along with English, Malay and Mandarin). [[Deepavali]], the Hindu festival of lights, is also a national public holiday.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">More than other ethnic groups, Indians are highly stratified in terms of class with little upward mobility. Although a fairly large group occupies the middle and higher sectors of Singaporean society, the community is disproportionately represented at the bottom of the social ladder. This imbalance has been accentuated by the recent emigration of many well-qualified Indian Singaporeans to English-speaking developed countries, especially Australia (this was part of a general migration by upper and middle class but somewhat marginalised cultural minorities like the [[Peranakan]]s, [[Eurasian]]s, and gays). The lack of opportunity for the lower class Indians is addressed by the community and the government through nationally-santioned ethnic 'self-help' groups which have helped to reverse declining educational performance, and to stimulate debate about [[caste]] within the community.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==New waves of migration==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">From the 1990s onward, Singapore's policy has been actively to attract highly skilled migrants from around the world and this has produced a fairly large expatriate Indian community of well-educated and wealthy professional and business people. It remains to be seen how permanent this migration is. Most have retained their Indian citizenship, although some have been granted Permanent Residence status. Interaction between the local and expatriate Indian community remains ambivalent rather than easy and natural. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Transient guest workers who come to work in Singapore on short-stay work permits as unskilled or semi-skilled workers form a third Indian community. There is little interaction between this group and either the 'expat' or 'local' Indian communities.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Demographics of Singapore]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[category:Overseas Indian groups|Singaporean]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==History==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Indian contact, trade and migration to Southeast Asia began in ancient times and continued in the British colonial period, i.e. from the colonisation of [[Penang]] in 1786 to World War II. While the impact on Southeast Asian civilisation and culture was significant, no large settled communities of ethnic Indians were formed. Under the British, not all migration was voluntary. The earliest Indians to arrive were soldiers, known as [[sepoys]] in the British Army, who helped set up the earliest British colonial and military presence in Malaya (the earliest maps in Singapore show areas laid out for the "sepoy lines"). Following the soldiers came a handful of entrepreneurs like [[Narayana Pillay]], who arrived in Singapore with [[Sir Stamford Raffles]], the settlement's colonial 'founder'. Pillay was a successful businessman, Singapore's first building contractor and founder of the first Hindu temple, the [[Sri Mariamman Temple]]. The early settlements in Malaya (called the [[Straits Settlements]]), were ruled by the colonial government in Calcutta. When labour was needed to build the settlement's earliest roads, bridges, buildings and other infrastructure, convicts were sent. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The largest group of Indian migrants to Malaya during the colonial period were South Indian (mainly from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu]], and [[Malayalam]] language communities, with the Tamils in the majority because they lived in the lands closest to Malaya). Some came as economc migrants and provided a pool of skilled and unskilled labour. A minority were well-educated entrepreneurs and professionals, many occupations being filled along caste and language lines, But the majority of those who came were recruited as 'indentured workers'. Malaya was the world's largest source of [[rubber]], and the native Malays (the [[bumiputra]]) and immigrant Chinese were unwilling to work on the rural plantations, so to protect their investment, the plantation owners closely regulated and supervised their new workers and held them in debt bondage.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A number of groups found their own niches: [[Sri Lankan]] Tamils tended to work as clerks, junior civil servants and in the professions; Christian Malayalis from [[Kerala]] were English educated and worked mainly in the civil service; [[Sikhs]] from the [[Punjab]] were the backbone of the armed forces and the police force, and worked as private security guards; Tamil [[Muslims]], [[Sindhi]]s and [[Gujarat|Gujarati]]s were often small traders; and the [[Chettiar]] caste of Tamils were moneylender and currency changers. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Given this pattern of migration and settlement, the Indian community in Malaya was fragmented and dispersed unevenly along various cultural and professional lines.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Modern Singapore==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Indians form about 8% of the Singapore population. Slightly more than half are Tamil Hindus. The remainder are mainly Christian or Muslim, with a minority of Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists. After Tamil the main Indian languages are Hindi, Malayalam, Punjabi, and Gujerati. Singapore has a smaller proportion of citizen of Indian origin because it did not have any large rubber plantations. Consequently, the urbanised population is better educated and tends to be more socio-economically advanced than Indian Malaysians. The population percentage remains quite small because, as with other ethnic groups and societies, the more successful families have tended to have fewer children.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As an avowedly multi-ethnic nation, the Singapore Constitution enshrines Tamil as one of the four official languages of Singapore (along with English, Malay and Mandarin). [[Deepavali]], the Hindu festival of lights, is also a national public holiday.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">More than other ethnic groups, Indians are highly stratified in terms of class with little upward mobility. Although a fairly large group occupies the middle and higher sectors of Singaporean society, the community is disproportionately represented at the bottom of the social ladder. This imbalance has been accentuated by the recent emigration of many well-qualified Indian Singaporeans to English-speaking developed countries, especially Australia (this was part of a general migration by upper and middle class but somewhat marginalised cultural minorities like the [[Peranakan]]s, [[Eurasian]]s, and gays). The lack of opportunity for the lower class Indians is addressed by the community and the government through nationally-santioned ethnic 'self-help' groups which have helped to reverse declining educational performance, and to stimulate debate about [[caste]] within the community.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==New waves of migration==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">From the 1990s onward, Singapore's policy has been actively to attract highly skilled migrants from around the world and this has produced a fairly large expatriate Indian community of well-educated and wealthy professional and business people. It remains to be seen how permanent this migration is. Most have retained their Indian citizenship, although some have been granted Permanent Residence status. Interaction between the local and expatriate Indian community remains ambivalent rather than easy and natural. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Transient guest workers who come to work in Singapore on short-stay work permits as unskilled or semi-skilled workers form a third Indian community. There is little interaction between this group and either the 'expat' or 'local' Indian communities.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Demographics of Singapore]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[category:Overseas Indian groups|Singaporean]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History==</div></td></tr>
</table>202.33.195.109https://sgwiki.com/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporean&diff=29351&oldid=prev202.58.85.2: " name=2005-12-08T16:56:58Z<p>" name=</p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:56, 9 December 2005</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The </del>term '''Indian Singaporean''' refers to any [[Singapore]] [[citizen]] of [[South Asian]] [[ancestry]]. Most Indian Singaporeans are second, third or even fourth generation decendants of migrants from the Indian subcontinent to Singapore and [[Malaysia]] (known collectively as British Malaya in the pre-[[World War II]] [[colonial]] period). A small and shrinking number of older Indian Singaporeans are themselves direct (i.e. first generation) migrants from the subcontinent. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http://phentermine-very-special-hand-made.greekboston.comThe </ins>term '''Indian Singaporean''' refers to any [[Singapore]] [[citizen]] of [[South Asian]] [[ancestry]]. Most Indian Singaporeans are second, third or even fourth generation decendants of migrants from the Indian subcontinent to Singapore and [[Malaysia]] (known collectively as British Malaya in the pre-[[World War II]] [[colonial]] period). A small and shrinking number of older Indian Singaporeans are themselves direct (i.e. first generation) migrants from the subcontinent. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==History==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Indian contact, trade and migration to Southeast Asia began in ancient times and continued in the British colonial period, i.e. from the colonisation of [[Penang]] in 1786 to World War II. While the impact on Southeast Asian civilisation and culture was significant, no large settled communities of ethnic Indians were formed. Under the British, not all migration was voluntary. The earliest Indians to arrive were soldiers, known as [[sepoys]] in the British Army, who helped set up the earliest British colonial and military presence in Malaya (the earliest maps in Singapore show areas laid out for the "sepoy lines"). Following the soldiers came a handful of entrepreneurs like [[Narayana Pillay]], who arrived in Singapore with [[Sir Stamford Raffles]], the settlement's colonial 'founder'. Pillay was a successful businessman, Singapore's first building contractor and founder of the first Hindu temple, the [[Sri Mariamman Temple]]. The early settlements in Malaya (called the [[Straits Settlements]]), were ruled by the colonial government in Calcutta. When labour was needed to build the settlement's earliest roads, bridges, buildings and other infrastructure, convicts were sent. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The largest group of Indian migrants to Malaya during the colonial period were South Indian (mainly from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu]], and [[Malayalam]] language communities, with the Tamils in the majority because they lived in the lands closest to Malaya). Some came as economc migrants and provided a pool of skilled and unskilled labour. A minority were well-educated entrepreneurs and professionals, many occupations being filled along caste and language lines, But the majority of those who came were recruited as 'indentured workers'. Malaya was the world's largest source of [[rubber]], and the native Malays (the [[bumiputra]]) and immigrant Chinese were unwilling to work on the rural plantations, so to protect their investment, the plantation owners closely regulated and supervised their new workers and held them in debt bondage.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A number of groups found their own niches: [[Sri Lankan]] Tamils tended to work as clerks, junior civil servants and in the professions; Christian Malayalis from [[Kerala]] were English educated and worked mainly in the civil service; [[Sikhs]] from the [[Punjab]] were the backbone of the armed forces and the police force, and worked as private security guards; Tamil [[Muslims]], [[Sindhi]]s and [[Gujarat|Gujarati]]s were often small traders; and the [[Chettiar]] caste of Tamils were moneylender and currency changers. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Given this pattern of migration and settlement, the Indian community in Malaya was fragmented and dispersed unevenly along various cultural and professional lines.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Modern Singapore==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Indians form about 8% of the Singapore population. Slightly more than half are Tamil Hindus. The remainder are mainly Christian or Muslim, with a minority of Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists. After Tamil the main Indian languages are Hindi, Malayalam, Punjabi, and Gujerati. Singapore has a smaller proportion of citizen of Indian origin because it did not have any large rubber plantations. Consequently, the urbanised population is better educated and tends to be more socio-economically advanced than Indian Malaysians. The population percentage remains quite small because, as with other ethnic groups and societies, the more successful families have tended to have fewer children.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As an avowedly multi-ethnic nation, the Singapore Constitution enshrines Tamil as one of the four official languages of Singapore (along with English, Malay and Mandarin). [[Deepavali]], the Hindu festival of lights, is also a national public holiday.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">More than other ethnic groups, Indians are highly stratified in terms of class with little upward mobility. Although a fairly large group occupies the middle and higher sectors of Singaporean society, the community is disproportionately represented at the bottom of the social ladder. This imbalance has been accentuated by the recent emigration of many well-qualified Indian Singaporeans to English-speaking developed countries, especially Australia (this was part of a general migration by upper and middle class but somewhat marginalised cultural minorities like the [[Peranakan]]s, [[Eurasian]]s, and gays). The lack of opportunity for the lower class Indians is addressed by the community and the government through nationally-santioned ethnic 'self-help' groups which have helped to reverse declining educational performance, and to stimulate debate about [[caste]] within the community.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==New waves of migration==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">From the 1990s onward, Singapore's policy has been actively to attract highly skilled migrants from around the world and this has produced a fairly large expatriate Indian community of well-educated and wealthy professional and business people. It remains to be seen how permanent this migration is. Most have retained their Indian citizenship, although some have been granted Permanent Residence status. Interaction between the local and expatriate Indian community remains ambivalent rather than easy and natural. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Transient guest workers who come to work in Singapore on short-stay work permits as unskilled or semi-skilled workers form a third Indian community. There is little interaction between this group and either the 'expat' or 'local' Indian communities.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Demographics of Singapore]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[category:Overseas Indian groups|Singaporean]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History==</div></td></tr>
</table>202.58.85.2https://sgwiki.com/index.php?title=Indian_Singaporean&diff=24598&oldid=prevGroyn88 at 19:06, 7 October 20052005-10-07T19:06:40Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>The term '''Indian Singaporean''' refers to any [[Singapore]] [[citizen]] of [[South Asian]] [[ancestry]]. Most Indian Singaporeans are second, third or even fourth generation decendants of migrants from the Indian subcontinent to Singapore and [[Malaysia]] (known collectively as British Malaya in the pre-[[World War II]] [[colonial]] period). A small and shrinking number of older Indian Singaporeans are themselves direct (i.e. first generation) migrants from the subcontinent. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Indian contact, trade and migration to Southeast Asia began in ancient times and continued in the British colonial period, i.e. from the colonisation of [[Penang]] in 1786 to World War II. While the impact on Southeast Asian civilisation and culture was significant, no large settled communities of ethnic Indians were formed. Under the British, not all migration was voluntary. The earliest Indians to arrive were soldiers, known as [[sepoys]] in the British Army, who helped set up the earliest British colonial and military presence in Malaya (the earliest maps in Singapore show areas laid out for the "sepoy lines"). Following the soldiers came a handful of entrepreneurs like [[Narayana Pillay]], who arrived in Singapore with [[Sir Stamford Raffles]], the settlement's colonial 'founder'. Pillay was a successful businessman, Singapore's first building contractor and founder of the first Hindu temple, the [[Sri Mariamman Temple]]. The early settlements in Malaya (called the [[Straits Settlements]]), were ruled by the colonial government in Calcutta. When labour was needed to build the settlement's earliest roads, bridges, buildings and other infrastructure, convicts were sent. <br />
<br />
The largest group of Indian migrants to Malaya during the colonial period were South Indian (mainly from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu]], and [[Malayalam]] language communities, with the Tamils in the majority because they lived in the lands closest to Malaya). Some came as economc migrants and provided a pool of skilled and unskilled labour. A minority were well-educated entrepreneurs and professionals, many occupations being filled along caste and language lines, But the majority of those who came were recruited as 'indentured workers'. Malaya was the world's largest source of [[rubber]], and the native Malays (the [[bumiputra]]) and immigrant Chinese were unwilling to work on the rural plantations, so to protect their investment, the plantation owners closely regulated and supervised their new workers and held them in debt bondage.<br />
<br />
A number of groups found their own niches: [[Sri Lankan]] Tamils tended to work as clerks, junior civil servants and in the professions; Christian Malayalis from [[Kerala]] were English educated and worked mainly in the civil service; [[Sikhs]] from the [[Punjab]] were the backbone of the armed forces and the police force, and worked as private security guards; Tamil [[Muslims]], [[Sindhi]]s and [[Gujarat|Gujarati]]s were often small traders; and the [[Chettiar]] caste of Tamils were moneylender and currency changers. <br />
<br />
Given this pattern of migration and settlement, the Indian community in Malaya was fragmented and dispersed unevenly along various cultural and professional lines.<br />
<br />
==Modern Singapore==<br />
Indians form about 8% of the Singapore population. Slightly more than half are Tamil Hindus. The remainder are mainly Christian or Muslim, with a minority of Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists. After Tamil the main Indian languages are Hindi, Malayalam, Punjabi, and Gujerati. Singapore has a smaller proportion of citizen of Indian origin because it did not have any large rubber plantations. Consequently, the urbanised population is better educated and tends to be more socio-economically advanced than Indian Malaysians. The population percentage remains quite small because, as with other ethnic groups and societies, the more successful families have tended to have fewer children.<br />
<br />
As an avowedly multi-ethnic nation, the Singapore Constitution enshrines Tamil as one of the four official languages of Singapore (along with English, Malay and Mandarin). [[Deepavali]], the Hindu festival of lights, is also a national public holiday.<br />
<br />
More than other ethnic groups, Indians are highly stratified in terms of class with little upward mobility. Although a fairly large group occupies the middle and higher sectors of Singaporean society, the community is disproportionately represented at the bottom of the social ladder. This imbalance has been accentuated by the recent emigration of many well-qualified Indian Singaporeans to English-speaking developed countries, especially Australia (this was part of a general migration by upper and middle class but somewhat marginalised cultural minorities like the [[Peranakan]]s, [[Eurasian]]s, and gays). The lack of opportunity for the lower class Indians is addressed by the community and the government through nationally-santioned ethnic 'self-help' groups which have helped to reverse declining educational performance, and to stimulate debate about [[caste]] within the community.<br />
<br />
==New waves of migration==<br />
From the 1990s onward, Singapore's policy has been actively to attract highly skilled migrants from around the world and this has produced a fairly large expatriate Indian community of well-educated and wealthy professional and business people. It remains to be seen how permanent this migration is. Most have retained their Indian citizenship, although some have been granted Permanent Residence status. Interaction between the local and expatriate Indian community remains ambivalent rather than easy and natural. <br />
<br />
Transient guest workers who come to work in Singapore on short-stay work permits as unskilled or semi-skilled workers form a third Indian community. There is little interaction between this group and either the 'expat' or 'local' Indian communities.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Demographics of Singapore]]<br />
[[category:Overseas Indian groups|Singaporean]]</div>Groyn88