Difference between revisions of "Secularism"

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'''Secularism''' is commonly defined as the idea that [[religion]] should not interfere with or be integrated into the public affairs of a society. It is often associated with the [[Age of Enlightenment]] in [[Europe]], and plays a major role in [[Western society]]. The principles, but not necessarily practices, of [[separation of church and state]] in the [[United States]] and ''[[laïcité]]'' in [[France]] draw heavily on secularism.
'''Secularism''' is the principle of separation of government institutions, and the persons mandated to represent the State, from religious institutions and religious dignitaries. In one sense, secularism may assert the right to be free from religious rule and teachings, and the right to freedom from governmental imposition of religion upon the people within a state that is neutral on matters of belief. (See also separation of church and state and Laïcité.) In another sense, it refers to the view that human activities and decisions, especially political ones, should be unbiased by religious influence.<br>


==Definition==
Secularism draws its intellectual roots from Greek and Roman philosophers such as Marcus Aurelius and Epicurus; medieval Muslim polymaths such as Ibn Rushd; Enlightenment thinkers such as Denis Diderot, Voltaire, Baruch Spinoza, John Locke, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Paine; and more recent freethinkers, agnostics, and atheists such as Robert Ingersoll and Bertrand Russell.<br>


As secularism is often used in different contexts, its precise definition can vary from place to place. In philosophy, secularism is the belief that life can be best lived by applying [[ethics]], and the [[universe]] best understood, by processes of [[reasoning]], without reference to a [[god]] or gods or other [[supernatural]] concepts. Secularism in this sense was coined by [[George Jacob Holyoake]] and is one of the precursors of modern [[secular humanism]].
The purposes and arguments in support of secularism vary widely. In European laicism, it has been argued that secularism is a movement toward modernization, and away from traditional religious values (also known as secularization). This type of secularism, on a social or philosophical level, has often occurred while maintaining an official state church or other state support of religion. In the United States, some argue that state secularism has served to a greater extent to protect religion and the religious from governmental interference, while secularism on a social level is less prevalent. Within countries as well, differing political movements support secularism for varying reasons.<br>


When applied to society, secularism is considered to be any of a range of situations where a society less automatically assumes religious beliefs to be either widely shared or a basis for conflict in various forms, than in recent generations of the same society. In this sense secularism is linked to the sociological concept of [[secularization]] and may be upheld as an academic thesis, rather than advocated as a desirable state of affairs.
===In relations to Singapore===
'''Singapore''' is a secular state. A secular state is a state with no state religion and in which the state is neutral in matters of religion, neither supporting nor opposing any particular religious beliefs or practices.  


In government, secularism means a policy of avoiding entanglement between government and religion (ranging from reducing ties to a [[state religion]] to promoting secularism in society), of non-discrimination among religions (providing they don't deny primacy of civil laws), and of guaranteeing human rights of all citizens, regardless of the creed (and, if conflicting with certain religious rules, by imposing priority of the universal human rights).
==External Links==
 
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism Wikipedia article]
Secularism can also mean the practice of working to promote any of those three forms of secularism. It should not be assumed that an advocate of secularism in one sense will also be a secularist in any other sense. Secularism does not necessarily equate to [[atheism]]; indeed, many secularists have counted themselves among the religious.
 
==The secular ethic==
 
Holyoake's [[1896]] publication ''English Secularism'' defines secularism thus:
 
:Secularism is a code of duty pertaining to this life, founded on considerations purely human, and intended mainly for those who find theology indefinite or inadequate, unreliable or unbelievable. Its essential principles are three: (1) The improvement of this life by material means. (2) That science is the available Providence of man. (3) That it is good to do good. Whether there be other good or not, the good of the present life is good, and it is good to seek that good.
 
Holyoake held that secularism should take no interest at all in religious questions (as they were irrelevant), and was thus to be distinguished from militant [[freethought]] and atheism.  In this he disagreed with [[Charles Bradlaugh]], and the disagreement split the secularist movement between those who argued that anti-religious propaganda and activism was not necessary or desirable and those who argued that it was.
 
==The secular society==
 
In studies of religion, modern [[Western society|Western societies]] are generally recognized as secular. Generally, there is near-complete [[freedom of religion]] (one may believe in any religion or none at all, with little legal or social sanction). In the West, religion does not dictate political decisions, though the moral views originating in religious traditions remain important in political debate in some countries, such as the [[United States]]; in some others, such as [[France]] (see [[Laïcité]]), religious references are considered out-of-place in mainstream politics. Religious influence is also largely minimised in the [[public sphere]], and religion no longer holds the same importance in people's lives as it used to.
 
Proponents of secularism have long held a general rise of secularism in all the senses enumerated above, and corresponding general decline of [[religion]] in so called [['secularized' countries,]] to be the inevitable result of the [[The Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], as people turn towards [[science]] and [[rationalism]] and away from religion and [[superstition]].
 
Modern [[sociology]], born of a crisis of [[legitimation]] resulting from challenges to traditional Western religious authority, has since [[Émile Durkheim|Durkheim]] often been preoccupied with the problem of [[authority]] in secularized societies and with [[secularization]] as a sociological or historical process.  Twentieth-century scholars whose work has contributed to the understanding of these matters are [[Max Weber]], [[Carl L. Becker]], [[Karl Löwith]], [[Hans Blumenberg]], [[Meyer Howard Abrams|M.H. Abrams]], [[Peter L. Berger]], and [[Paul Bénichou]], among others.
 
==The secular state==
 
Most major religions accept the primacy of the rules of secular, democratic society.  The majority of Christians are proponents of a secular state, and may acknowledge that the idea has support in biblical teachings, specifically in the [[Gospel_According_to_Luke|book of Luke]], chapter 20, verse 25. In this verse, in response to a question about taxes, Jesus said, "Then give to Caesar what is Caesar's, and to God what is God's." However, [[fundamentalism]] opposes secularism.  The most significant forces of religious fundamentalism in the contemporary world are [[Fundamentalist Christianity|fundamentalist Christians]] and [[fundamentalist Islam]].
 
==Secularist organizations==
 
Groups such as the [[National Secular Society]] and [[Americans United]] campaign for secularism and are often supported by those who practice [[Secular humanism]]. However, there is also support from non-humanists. In 2005, the National Secular Society held the inaugural "Secularist of the Year" awards ceremony. Its first winner was [[Maryam Namazie]], of the [[Worker-Communist Party of Iran]], .
 
==See also==
* When secularism is claimed in theory but not in practice
** [[pseudo-secularism]]
* Ideas that are considered forms of secularism include
** [[agnosticism]]
** [[atheism]]
** [[laïcité]]
** [[rationalism]]
** [[scientific materialism]]
** [[secular humanism]]
** [[separation of church and state]]
* Organizations that advocate it include
**[[National Secular Society]]
**[[Leicester Secular Society]]
**[[Fellowship of Reason]]
* Contrary trends include
** [[religion]]
** [[Stephen L. Carter]]'s views as expressed in [[The Culture of Disbelief]]
* Other related topics include
** [[civil religion]]
** [[secular state]]
**[[secularization]]
** [[Six Arrows]] of [[Kemal Atatürk]]
*[[Secularism (South Asia)]]
 
==References==
 
*Siddiqui, Hannana (2000). "Black Women's Activism: Coming of Age?". '''in''' ''Feminist Review'', No. 64, Spring 2000, pp.83-96.
 
==Bibliography==
 
===The secular ethic===
 
*Jacoby, Susan (2004). ''Freethinkers: a history of American secularism''. New York: Metropolitan Books. ISBN 0805074422
*Nash, David (1992). ''Secularism, Art and Freedom''. London: Continuum International. ISBN 0718514173 (paperback published by Continuum, 1994: ISBN 071852084X)
*Royle, Edward (1974). ''Victorian Infidels: the origins of the British Secularist Movement, 1791-1866''. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0719005574 [http://www.secularism.org.uk/uploads/3542a971e965ac1647844952.pdf Online version]
*Royle, Edward (1980). ''Radicals, Secularists and Republicans: popular freethought in Britain, 1866-1915''. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0719007836
 
===The secular society===
 
''See also the references list in the article on [[secularization]]''
 
*Chadwick, Owen (1975). ''The Secularization of the European mind in the nineteenth century''. Cambridge University Press.
*Cox, Harvey (1996). ''The Secular City''. NY: Macmillan. 
*Martin, David (1978). ''A General Theory of Secularization''. Oxford: Blackwell.  ISBN 0631189602
*Martin, David (2005). ''On Secularization: towards a revised general theory''. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 0754653226
*McLeod, Hugh (2000). ''Secularisation in Western Europe, 1848-1914''. Basingstoke: Macmillan. ISBN 0333597486
*Wilson, Bryan (1969). ''Religion in Secular Society''. London: Penguin.
 
===The secular state===
 
*Juergensmeyer, Mark (1994). ''The New cold war?: religious nationalism confronts the secular state''. University of California Press. ISBN 0520086511
 
==External links==
* [http://www.au.org Americans United for Separation of Church and State]
* [http://www.leicestersecularsociety.org.uk Leicester Secular Society]
* [http://www.secularism.org.uk/ National Secular Society (UK)]
* [http://www.ffrf.org Freedom from Religion Foundation]
* [http://www.icapi.org International Coalition Against Political Islam]
* [http://www.ntpi.org No to Political Islam]
* [http://www.20six.co.uk/islamichumanism/weblogEntries/send.htm?entryId=1mkwejzbhsv4t Does Secularism Secure Peace?]
* [http://www.freethinker.co.uk The Freethinker - Secular Humanist Monthly, since 1881]
[[Category:Secularism]]
[[Category:The Enlightenment]]
[[Category:Religion and politics]]
[[Category:Religion and society]]

Latest revision as of 19:45, 10 June 2014

Secularism is the principle of separation of government institutions, and the persons mandated to represent the State, from religious institutions and religious dignitaries. In one sense, secularism may assert the right to be free from religious rule and teachings, and the right to freedom from governmental imposition of religion upon the people within a state that is neutral on matters of belief. (See also separation of church and state and Laïcité.) In another sense, it refers to the view that human activities and decisions, especially political ones, should be unbiased by religious influence.

Secularism draws its intellectual roots from Greek and Roman philosophers such as Marcus Aurelius and Epicurus; medieval Muslim polymaths such as Ibn Rushd; Enlightenment thinkers such as Denis Diderot, Voltaire, Baruch Spinoza, John Locke, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Paine; and more recent freethinkers, agnostics, and atheists such as Robert Ingersoll and Bertrand Russell.

The purposes and arguments in support of secularism vary widely. In European laicism, it has been argued that secularism is a movement toward modernization, and away from traditional religious values (also known as secularization). This type of secularism, on a social or philosophical level, has often occurred while maintaining an official state church or other state support of religion. In the United States, some argue that state secularism has served to a greater extent to protect religion and the religious from governmental interference, while secularism on a social level is less prevalent. Within countries as well, differing political movements support secularism for varying reasons.

In relations to Singapore[edit]

Singapore is a secular state. A secular state is a state with no state religion and in which the state is neutral in matters of religion, neither supporting nor opposing any particular religious beliefs or practices.

External Links[edit]

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