History of Express Services

Service 10e

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
(Current)	2005	19 September	Introduced between Bedok Rd and Shenton Way (AM Peak) and between Anson Rd and Bedok Rd (PM Peak) as a peak hour one-directional service on weekdays.
	2009	23 February	Calls at an additional bus stop outside Suntec City along Nicoll Highway.
	2016	27 June	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).

Service 12e

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
Template:Go-Ahead Singapore (Current)	2018	28 January	Introduced between Pasir Ris Int and New Bridge Rd Ter. Wheelchair-accessible at launch.
		10 March	Extended to Kg Bahru Ter with the closure of New Bridge Rd Ter.

Service 14e

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
(Current)	2005	12 December	Introduced between Bedok North Ave 3 and Orchard Rd (AM Peak) and between Orchard Rd and Bedok North Ave 3 (PM Peak) as a peak hour one-directional service on weekdays.
	2006	29 October	Calls at a relocated bus stop outside Orchard Stn along Orchard Turn.
	2009	23 February	Calls at an additional pair of bus stops outside and opposite Suntec City along Nicoll Highway.
	2015	3 December	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).

Service 30e

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
(Current)	2005	19 September	Introduced between Bedok Int and Pasir Panjang Rd (AM Peak) and between Pasir Panjang Rd and Bedok Int (PM Peak) as a peak hour one-directional service on weekdays.
	2006	19 March	Amended to ply Guillemard Rd with the partial closure of Old Airport Rd and Dunman Rd to facilitate the construction of Dakota MRT station on the Circle MRT Line.
		29 October	Calls at a new bus stop outside VivoCity along Telok Blangah Rd.
	2008	7 December	Skips the bus stop opposite Temenggong D Mosque along Telok Blangah Rd.
		29 December	Amended to ply the reinstated Old Airport Rd and Dunman Rd, skipping Guillemard Rd.
	2009	23 February	Calls at 2 additional pairs of bus stops after and opposite PSA Wharves G3 and outside and opposite Heng Mui Keng Terr along Pasir Panjang Rd.
		4 October	Amended to ply express sectors along the reinstated Tg Katong Rd, skipping express sectors along Geylang Rd, Paya Lebar Rd and Sims Ave.
	2011	19 November	Amended to Bedok Temp Int.
	2012	27 August	Calls at an additional pair of bus stops outside and opposite Alexandra DP Blk 3 along Pasir Panjang Rd.
	2013	29 December	Amended to ply express sectors along the Marina Coastal Expressway (MCE) with the partial closure of East Coast Parkway (ECP).
	2014	30 November	Amended to Bedok Integrated Transport Hub.
	2016	25 January	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).

Service 74e

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
(Current)	2006	18 December	Introduced between Hougang Central Int and Buona Vista Ter (AM Peak) and between Buona Vista Ter and Hougang Central Int (PM Peak) as a peak hour one-directional service on weekdays.
	2015	28 September	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).

Service 89e

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
(Current)	2005	19 September	Introduced between Hougang Central Int and Airport Cargo Rd (AM Peak) and between Airport Cargo Rd and Hougang Central Int (PM Peak) as a peak hour one-directional service on weekdays.
	2009	23 February	Calls at an additional bus stop outside 3rd Cargo Agents along Airline Rd for evening peak trips.
	2014	24 August	Calls at a new pair of bus stops before and after Punggol Rd along TPE.
	2015	3 December	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).

Service 97e

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
	2005	3 January	Introduced as a Fast Forward service between Jurong East Int and Fullerton Rd (AM Peak) and between Collyer Quay and Jurong East Int (PM Peak) as a peak hour one-directional Fast Forward service on weekdays.
		12 June	Calls at a new bus stop outside Science Park along AYE.
	2006	29 October	Calls at a new bus stop outside VivoCity along Telok Blangah Rd.
	2009	23 February	Extended to terminate at Raffles Ave for morning peak trips and start from Temasek Blvd for evening peak trips.
			Calls at an additional pair of bus stops outside Blk 44 and opposite Blk 45 along Telok Blangah Rd.
	2010	26 April	Amended to Marina Ctr Ter.
	2011	17 December	Amended to Jurong East Temp Int.
	2013	1 December	Calls at a new bus stop outside Downtown Stn along Central Blvd.
	2015	28 September	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).
Template:Tower Transit Singapore (Current)	2016	12 June	Operated by Tower Transit Singapore.

Service 147e

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
(Current)	2018	28 January	Introduced between Clementi Int and Eu Tong Sen St/New Bridge Rd. Wheelchair-accessible at launch.

Service 151e

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
(Current)	2006	18 December	Introduced between Hougang Central Int and Kent Ridge Ter (AM Peak) and between Kent Ridge Ter and Hougang Central Int (PM Peak) as a peak hour one-directional service on weekdays.
	2011	4 September	Amended to skip express sectors along Bendemeer Rd, Whampoa North and Serangoon Rd towards Kent Ridge Ter with the permanent closure of Whampoa North.
	2015	3 December	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).

Service 174e

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
(Current)	2005	28 March	Introduced between Boon Lay Int and North Bridge Rd (AM Peak) and between North Bridge Rd and Boon Lay Int (PM Peak) as a peak hour one-directional service on weekdays.
		2 July	Amended to ply Grange Rd with the partial closure of Somerset Rd.
	2006	18 June	Amended to Boon Lay Temp Int.
		20 November	Extended to New Bridge Rd Ter.
			Calls at an additional pair of bus stops outside and opposite S'pore Botanic Gdns along Napier Rd.
	2009	27 December	Amended to Boon Lay Integrated Transport Hub.
	2011	14 August	Calls at an additional bus stop outside Clarke Quay Stn along Eu Tong Sen St.
	2012	9 December	Amended to ply express sectors along Bt Timah Link with the partial closure of Jln Jurong Kechil to facilitate the construction of Beauty World MRT station on the Downtown MRT Line.
	2014	26 January	Amended to ply express sectors along the reinstated Jln Jurong Kechil, skipping express sectors along Bt Timah Link.
	2015	28 September	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).
	2018	10 March	Extended to Kg Bahru Ter with the closure of New Bridge Rd Ter.

Service 188E

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
Template:SMRT Buses (Current)	2007	25 June	Introduced between Choa Chu Kang Int and HarbourFront Int as a peak hour one-directional service during weekday mornings.
	2015	22 March	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).

Service 188R

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
Template:SMRT Buses (Current)	2010	1 May	Introduced between Choa Chu Kang Int and Resorts World Sentosa, operating on Saturdays, Sundays and Public Holidays only.
	2015	22 March	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).

Service 196e

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
(Current)	2005	12 December	Introduced between Marine Parade Rd and Shenton Way (AM Peak) and between Anson Rd and Marine Parade Rd (PM Peak) as a peak hour one-directional service on weekdays.
	2007	TBC	Calls at a new bus stop outside Victoria Sch along Marine Parade Rd.
	2016	25 January	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).

Service 501

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
	1997	5 May	Introduced between Hougang Central Int and Penang Rd (AM Peak) and between Anson Rd and Hougang Central Int (PM Peak) as a peak hour one-directional service on weekdays and Saturdays.
		22 December	Amended to loop at Penang Rd and enhanced to operate an alternate route between Hougang Central Int and Temasek Ave (loop) during evening off peak hours on weekdays and Saturdays and throughout the day on Sundays and Public Holidays.
	1998	24 May	Amended to Hougang Central Temp Ter.
	2000	3 September	Extended to Sengkang Ter.
	2001	28 April	Amended to Sengkang Temp Int.
		1 November	Operated by SBS Transit.
	2003	18 January	Amended to Sengkang Integrated Transport Hub.
		28 July	Withdrawn under North East MRT Line Rationalisation Phase 2.

Service 502

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
	1997	5 May	Introduced between Hougang Central Int and Boon Lay Int.
	1998	24 May	Amended to Hougang Central Temp Ter.
	1999	TBC	Calls at an additional pair of bus stops outside and opposite The Synergy along Boon Lay Way.
	2000	3 September	Extended to Sengkang Ter.
	2001	28 April	Amended to Sengkang Temp Int.
(Current)		1 November	Operated by SBS Transit.
	2002	7 July	Skips the bus stop opposite Mandarin Singapore along Orchard Rd.
	2003	18 January	Amended to Sengkang Integrated Transport Hub.
		27 July	Shortened to loop at Temasek Ave from Boon Lay Int under North East MRT Line Rationalisation Phase 2.
	2005	2 July	Amended to ply Grange Rd with the partial closure of Somerset Rd.
		26 December	Extended to Pioneer Rd North and amended to ply Toh Guan Rd, express sectors along Commonwealth Ave West, Clementi Ave 2 and Tanglin Rd and ply Orchard Turn, Scotts Rd, express sectors along Stevens Rd, Whitley Rd, Pan-Island Expressway (PIE) and Toh Tuck Ave towards Pioneer Rd North.
	2006	18 June	Calls at a new pair of bus stops outside Blk 683A and outside Blk 691A CP along Jurong West Central 1.
		29 October	Calls at a relocated bus stop outside Orchard Stn along Orchard Turn.
	2008	15 June	Calls at a new pair of bus stops outside Blk 670A and outside Blk 678D along Jurong West St 64.
	2009	23 February	Extended to Soon Lee Bus Park.
	2010	26 April	Amended to ply Bayfront Ave, Marina Station Rd, express sectors along East Coast Parkway (ECP), Ayer Rajah Expressway (AYE), Clementi Ave 6 and Commonwealth Ave West, skipping Raffles Ave, Stamford Rd, Orchard Rd, Penang Rd, Somerset Rd, Orchard Turn, Scotts Rd, express sectors along Stevens Rd, Whitley Rd, PIE and Toh Tuck Ave.
	2012	14 January	Calls at the reinstated bus stop outside Marina Bay Stn along Marina St.
		30 September	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).
	2013	29 December	Amended to ply Central Blvd, Shenton Way and express sectors along Keppel Rd with the opening of the Marina Coastal Expressway (MCE), skipping Marina Station Rd and express sectors along ECP.

Service 502A

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
(Current)	2005	27 December	Introduced between Pioneer Rd North and Temasek Ave (loop) as a peak hour variant of Service 502 on weekdays, skipping Jurong West Ave 1, Jurong East Ave 1, Toh Guan Rd and Boon Lay Way.
	2006	18 June	Calls at a new pair of bus stops outside Blk 683A and outside Blk 691A CP along Jurong West Central 1.
		29 October	Calls at a relocated bus stop outside Orchard Stn along Orchard Turn.
	2008	15 June	Calls at a new pair of bus stops outside Blk 670A and outside Blk 678D along Jurong West St 64.
	2009	23 February	Extended to Soon Lee Bus Park.
	2010	26 April	Shortened to terminate at Marina Station Rd and revised to operate during weekday morning peak hours only.
	2012	14 January	Calls at the reinstated bus stop outside Marina Bay Stn along Marina St.
		30 September	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).
	2013	29 December	Amended to terminate at Central Blvd with the opening of the Marina Coastal Expressway (MCE).

Service 502B

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
	2005	27 December	Introduced between Jurong West Ave 1 and Temasek Ave (loop) as a peak hour variant of Service 502 on weekdays.
	2006	29 October	Calls at a relocated bus stop outside Orchard Stn along Orchard Turn.
	2010	26 April	Withdrawn.

Service 503

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
	1997	5 May	Introduced between Tampines Int and Temasek Ave (AM Peak) and between Anson Rd and Tampines Int (PM Peak) as a peak hour one-directional service on weekdays and Saturdays.
	1999	6 September	Extended to start from Pasir Ris Int, extended to loop at Telok Blangah Rd, converted to full day service and re-numbered Service 505. (Related change)

Service 505

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
	1999	6 September	Re-numbered from Service 503 as a service between Pasir Ris Int and Telok Blangah Rd (loop). (Related change)
	2000	3 September	Shortened to loop at Temasek Ave and re-numbered Service 518. (Related change)

Service 506

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
	1999	28 August	Introduced between Jurong East Int and Bedok Int.
	2000	3 September	Extended to Changi Airport.
(Current)	2001	1 November	Operated by SBS Transit.
	2002	TBC	Calls at a new pair of bus stops opposite and between Blks 731 and 734 along Bedok Reservoir Rd.
		15 September	Shortened back to Bedok Int.
	2006	TBC	Skips a pair of bus stops outside and opposite Bedok Green Sec Sch along Bedok North Ave 3 to facilitate the construction of Bedok Reservoir Flyover.
		12 November	Extended to Upp East Coast Ter.
	2010	13 February	Calls at a new pair of bus stops outside and opposite Blk 220 CP along Bedok North Ave 3.
	2011	17 December	Amended to Jurong East Temp Int.
	2012	30 September	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).
	2017	23 April	Calls at a relocated bus stop before PIE along Bt Batok Rd.

Service 507

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
	1999	28 August	Introduced between Boon Lay Int and Shenton Way (AM Peak) and between Anson Rd and Boon Lay Int (PM Peak) as a peak hour one-directional service on weekdays and Saturdays.
	2001	1 November	Operated by SBS Transit.
	2004	22 August	Withdrawn.

Service 508

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
	1999	28 August	Introduced between Sengkang Ter and Penang Rd (AM Peak) and between Outram Rd and Sengkang Ter (PM Peak) as a peak hour one-directional service on weekdays and Saturdays.
	2000	4 September	Shortened to Hougang Central Temp Ter and re-numbered Service 511. (Related change)

Service 511

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
	2000	4 September	Re-numbered from Service 508 as a peak-hour one-directional service between Hougang Central Temp Ter and Penang Rd (AM Peak) and between Outram Rd and Hougang Central Temp Ter (PM Peak). (Related change)
	2001	20 May	Amended to Hougang Central Int.
		1 November	Operated by SBS Transit.
	2003	27 July	Withdrawn under North East MRT Line Rationalisation Phase 2.

Service 512

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
	2000	4 September	Introduced between Hougang Central Temp Ter and Orchard Rd (AM Peak) and between Moulmein Rd and Hougang Central Temp Ter (PM Peak).
	2001	20 May	Amended to Hougang Central Int.
		1 November	Operated by SBS Transit.
	2002	7 July	Skips the bus stop outside Orchard Emerald along Orchard Rd.
	2003	27 July	Withdrawn under North East MRT Line Rationalisation Phase 2.

Service 513

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
(Current)	2012	17 December	Introduced between Tampines Ave 5 and Shenton Way (AM Peak) and between Anson Rd and Tampines Ave 5 (PM Peak) as a peak hour one-directional service on weekdays under the LTA's Bus Service Enhancement Programme (BSEP).
	2013	31 March	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).
		1 December	Calls at a new bus stop outside Downtown Stn along Central Blvd.
		30 December	Amended to ply express sectors along Sheares Ave for morning peak trips with the partial closure of East Coast Parkway (ECP).

Service 518

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
	2000	3 September	Re-numbered from Service 505 as a service between Pasir Ris Int and Temasek Ave (loop). (Related change)
	2001	1 November	Operated by SBS Transit.
	2002	7 July	Skips the bus stop outside Orchard Emerald along Orchard Rd.
	2005	26 December	Amended to ply Pasir Ris Dr 12, skipping Elias Rd.
	2010	26 April	Amended to ply Bayfront Ave, skipping express sectors along Raffles Blvd and Republic Blvd.
	2012	29 April	Calls at a new bus stop outside Blk 612 along Pasir Ris Dr 1.
		3 December	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).
Template:Go-Ahead Singapore (Current)	2016	18 September	Operated by Go-Ahead Singapore.
		23 September	Amended to ply KPE and PIE towards Pasir Ris Int, skipping Bedok South Ave 1, Bedok South Rd and Bedok North Ave 1.
	2017	21 October	Calls at a new pair of bus stops outside Tampines East Stn along Tampines Ave 2.
			Calls at a new bus stop outside Bedok North Stn along Bedok North Rd.

Service 518A

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
	2005	27 December	Introduced between Pasir Ris Int and Temasek Ave (loop) as a peak hour variant of Service 518 on weekdays, skipping Tampines Ave 7, Tampines Ave 2, Tampines Ave 1 and Bedok North Rd.
	2010	26 April	Shortened to terminate at Bayfront Ave and revised to operate during weekday morning peak hours only.
	2012	29 April	Calls at a new bus stop outside Blk 612 along Pasir Ris Dr 1.
		3 December	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).
Template:Go-Ahead Singapore (Current)	2016	18 September	Operated by Go-Ahead Singapore.

Service 518B

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
	2005	27 December	Introduced between Tampines Ave 7 and Temasek Ave (loop) as a peak hour variant of Service 518 on weekdays.
	2010	26 April	Withdrawn.

Service 520

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
Template:Trans Island Bus Services	1997	5 May	Introduced between Yishun Int and Outram Rd (AM Peak) and between New Bridge Rd Ter and Yishun Int (PM Peak) as a peak hour one-directional service on weekdays and Saturdays.
		7 December	Amended to ply South Bridge Rd and Neil Rd with the partial closure of New Bridge Rd to facilitate the construction of Chinatown MRT station on the North East MRT Line.
	2002	20 April	Amended to ply the reinstated New Bridge Rd, skipping South Bridge Rd and Neil Rd.
		TBC	Calls at the bus stop outside Blk 923 along Yishun Ave 2, skipping the bus stop outside Northpoint Shop Ctr.
	2003	24 August	Withdrawn.

Service 521

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
Template:Trans Island Bus Services	1999	6 September	Introduced between Bt Panjang Ter and World Trade Ctr Ter.
		26 December	Amended to Bt Panjang Int.
	2000	TBC	Calls at an additional pair of bus stops outside and opposite ITE Dover along AYE.
	2002	29 September	Extended to Woodlands Reg Int, amended to ply Bt Batok East Ave 4, converted to trunk service and re-numbered Service 963. (Related change)

Service 850e

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
Template:SMRT Buses	2013	18 February	Introduced between Yishun Ave 11 and Shenton Way (AM Peak) and between Anson Rd and Yishun Ave 11 (PM Peak) as a peak hour one-directional service on weekdays under the LTA's Bus Service Enhancement Programme (BSEP).
	2015	24 May	Calls at a new bus stop opposite Blk 333C along Yishun St 31.
			Calls at an additional bus stop between Blks 333C and 333D along Yishun St 31.
		6 September	Calls at a new pair of bus stops outside and opposite Blk 672C along Yishun Ring Rd.
		28 September	Amended to start from Yishun St 41 for morning peak trips, terminate at Yishun Ring Rd for evening peak trips and amended to ply Yishun Ave 1 with the introduction of City Direct 663, skipping Yishun Ave 6 and Yishun St 31.
	2016	16 October	Calls at a new bus stop outside Blk 504C along Yishun Ring Rd.
	2017	17 September	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).
(Current)	2018	25 March	Operated by SBS Transit.

Service 851e

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
(Current)	2018	27 May	To be introduced between Yishun Temp Int and New Bridge Rd/Eu Tong Sen St. Wheelchair-accessible at launch.

Service 854E

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
Template:SMRT Buses (Current)	2007	9 April	Introduced between Yishun Int and Bedok Int as a peak hour one-directional service during weekday mornings.
	2011	19 November	Amended to terminate at Bedok Temp Int.
	2014	30 November	Amended to terminate at Bedok Integrated Transport Hub.
	2015	14 March	Amended to start from Yishun Temp Int.
		11 October	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).

Service 868

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
Template:SMRT Buses (Current)	2010	28 September	Introduced between Bt Batok West Ave 5 and Temasek Ave as a peak hour one-directional service during weekday mornings.
	2017	17 September	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).
	2018	9 April	Calls at 2 additional bus stops opposite HomeTeamNS and outside Blk 334 along Bt Batok West Ave 7.

Service 951E

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
Template:SMRT Buses (Current)	2013	17 June	Introduced between Woodlands St 82 and Shenton Way (AM Peak) and between Anson Rd and Woodlands St 82 (PM Peak) as a peak hour one-directional service on weekdays under the LTA's Bus Service Enhancement Programme (BSEP).
	2015	12 October	Amended to ply Woodlands Ave 5 with the introduction of City Direct 665, skipping Woodlands Ave 1.
	2017	17 September	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).

Service 963E

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
Template:SMRT Buses (Current)	2006	20 February	Introduced between Woodlands Reg Int and HarbourFront Int as a peak hour one-directional service during weekday mornings.
	2009	11 May	Enhanced to operate between HarbourFront Int and Woodlands Reg Int during weekday evenings.
	2015	14 June	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).
	2016	12 March	Amended to Woodlands Temp Int.
	2017	4 September	Calls at the pair of bus stops outside and opposite Blk 180 along Jelebu Rd, skipping the pair of bus stops outside and opposite Bt Panjang Plaza.

Service 963R

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
Template:SMRT Buses (Current)	2010	30 January	Introduced between Woodlands Reg Int and Resorts World Sentosa, operating on Saturdays, Sundays and Public Holidays only.
	2015	14 June	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).
	2016	12 March	Amended to Woodlands Temp Int.
	2017	4 September	Calls at the pair of bus stops outside and opposite Blk 180 along Jelebu Rd, skipping the pair of bus stops outside and opposite Bt Panjang Plaza.

Service 971E

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
Template:SMRT Buses (Current)	2011	14 March	Introduced between Bt Panjang Int and Cecil St as a peak hour one-directional service during weekday mornings.
		29 August	Enhanced to operate between Anson Rd and Bt Panjang Int during weekday evenings.
	2012	16 December	Amended to start from and terminate at Jelebu Rd with the closure of Bt Panjang Int.
	2015	16 August	Calls at 2 new bus stops between Blks 443A and 443B and outside Blk 442D along Fajar Rd.
		6 September	Calls at a new pair of bus stops outside Blk 548B and outside Blk 547C along Segar Rd.
	2017	4 September	Skips a pair of bus stops outside and opposite Blk 180 along Jelebu Rd.
		17 September	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).

Service 982E

Operator	Year	Date	Service changes
Template:SMRT Buses (Current)	2013	18 March	Introduced between Choa Chu Kang Ave 5 and Marina Blvd (AM Peak) and between Central Blvd and Choa Chu Kang Ave 5 (PM Peak) as a peak hour one-directional service on weekdays under the LTA's Bus Service Enhancement Programme (BSEP).
		1 December	Calls at a new bus stop outside Downtown Stn along Central Blvd.
	2014	17 February	Calls at 3 additional pairs of bus stops outside and opposite Blk 26 along Choa Chu Kang Rd, outside and opposite Bt Batok Fire Stn and before and after Bt Batok West Ave 5 along Bt Batok Rd.
	2015	27 April	Calls at a new pair of bus stops outside and opposite Blk 489A along Choa Chu Kang Ave 5.
	2017	17 September	Designated wheelchair-accessible bus service (WAB).