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| {| class="toccolours" style="float: right; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0em 1em;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | | {{Infobox/Line |
| | colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <big><strong>Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)<br>大众快速交通 (地铁)<br>Sistem Pengangkutan Gerak Cepat<br>துரிதக் கடவு ரயில்</strong></big>
| | |TA=RMRT |
| [[Image:Singapore MRT logo.png|center|70px]]
| | |Line=LTA |
| | |Name=Mass Rapid Transit |
| | |Img={{Icon|MRT|W|70px|a=MRT|o={{CSS/LTA|s=|f=}}}} |
| | |Info= |
| | {{Infoline|Owner|Land Transport Authority}} |
| | {{Infoline|Operator(s)|{{SMRT}}<br>{{SBST}}}} |
| | {{Infoline|Number of lines|6}} |
| | {{Infoline|Number of stations|141}} |
| | {{Infoline|System length|235.3 km}} |
| | }} |
| | |
| | The '''Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)''' system forming the major component of the railway system. The network has since grown rapidly in accordance with the aim of developing a comprehensive rail network as the backbone of the public transport system. |
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| | The network encompasses 235.3 km of active route with 141 stations in operation. The lines are built by the Land Transport Authority which allocates operating concessions to the profit-based corporations, SMRT Corporation and SBS Transit. |
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| | ==History== |
| | :''Main article: [[History of the Mass Rapid Transit]]'' |
| | The origins of the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) are derived from a forecast by city planners in 1967 which stated the need for a rail-based urban transport system by 1992.<ref>[//eservice.nlb.gov.sg/item_holding_s.aspx?bid=4183690 "Southeast Asian Affairs."], Page 293. Seah C. M. (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1981).</ref><ref>Sharp 2005, page 66</ref><ref>"Sustainable Urban Transportation Planning and Development — Issues and Challenges for Singapore". Fwa Tien Fang (Department of Civil Engineering, NUS, 4 September 2004)</ref> Following a debate on whether a bus-only system would be more cost-effective, then Minister for Communications Ong Teng Cheong, came to the conclusion that an all-bus system would be inadequate, as it would have to compete for road space in a land-scarce country.<ref name="ltahistory">[//www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltaweb/en/about-lta/our-history/1980s.html "1982 – The Year Work Began"]. Land Transport Authority. Retrieved 16 November 2013.</ref><ref>[//web.archive.org/web/20020223222029/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/cna/obituaries/ongtengcheong/special2.htm "In Memoriam — Ong Teng Cheong: A Profile"]. Lee Siew Hoon, Chandra Mohan (23 February 2002, Channel NewsAsia). Retrieved 26 November 2007.</ref> |
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| | The network was built in stages, with the {{NSL|b=}} given priority because it passes through the [[Central Area]] that has a high demand for public transport. The Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC), later renamed as SMRT Corporation — was established on 14 October 1983; it took over the roles and responsibilities (which was the construction and operation the MRT system) of the former provisional Mass Rapid Transit Authority.<ref name=ltahistory/><ref>[//eservice.nlb.gov.sg/item_holding_s.aspx?bid=4182060 "Annual report 1984"]. Singapore: Mass Rapid Transit Corporation. Page 5.</ref> The first section of the {{NSL|b=}} started operations on 7 November 1987. The opening of {{Stn|Boon Lay}} on the {{EWL|b=}} on 6 July 1990 marked the completion of the system two years ahead of schedule.<ref>Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore 1988, page 10.</ref><ref>Sharp 2005, p. 109.</ref> |
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| | ==Infrastructure== |
| | {|class=wikitable border=1 style="text-align:center;margin:auto" |
| | !Line!!Commencement!!width=50|Latest extension!!Terminus!!Stations!!width=50|Length (km)!!Rolling Stocks!!Depot!!Operator!!Control Center |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2"| <strong>Info</strong> | | |{{NSL}}||7 November 1987||2014||{{Stn|Jurong East}}<br>{{Stn|Marina South Pier}}||27||45||rowspan=2|[[Kawasaki Heavy Industries 151|151]]<br>[[Siemens 651|651]]<br>[[Kawasaki Heavy Industries & Nippon Sharyo 751B|751B]]<br>[[Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang 151A|151A]]<br>[[Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang 151B|151B]]<br>[[Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CRRC Qingdao Sifang 151C|151C]]<br>[[Alstom MOVIA R151|R151]]||rowspan=2|[[Bishan Depot]]<br>[[Ulu Pandan Depot]]<br>[[Changi Depot]]<br>[[Tuas Depot]]||rowspan=2|{{SMRT}}||rowspan=2|Kim Chuan Depot |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Owner
| | |{{EWL}}||12 December 1987||2017||{{Stn|Pasir Ris}}<br>{{Stn|Tuas Link}}<br>{{Stn|Changi Airport}}||35||55.7 |
| | Land Transport Authority | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Locale
| | |{{NEL}}||20 June 2003||{{N/A}}||{{Stn|HarbourFront}}<br>{{Stn|Punggol}}||16||19.3||[[Alstom Metropolis 751A|751A]]<br>[[Alstom Metropolis 751C|751C]]<br>[[Alstom Metropolis 851E|851E]]||[[Sengkang Depot]]||{{SBST}}||Sengkang Depot |
| | Singapore | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Transit type
| | |{{CCL}}||28 May 2009||2012||{{Stn|Dhoby Ghaut}}<br>{{Stn|HarbourFront}}<br>{{Stn|Marina Bay}}||30||34.6||[[Alstom Metropolis 830|830]]<br>[[Alstom Metropolis 830C|830C]]||[[Kim Chuan Depot]]||{{SMRT}}||Kim Chuan Depot |
| | Rapid transit | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Number of lines
| | |{{DTL}}||22 December 2013||2017||{{Stn|Bukit Panjang}}<br>{{Stn|Expo}}||34||40.6||[[Bombardier Movia 951|951]]||[[Kim Chuan Depot]]<br>[[Gali Batu Depot]]||{{SBST}}||Gali Batu Depot |
| | 4 | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Number of stations
| | |{{TEL}}||31 January 2020||2024||{{Stn|Woodlands North}}<br>{{Stn|Bayshore}}||27||40.1||[[Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CRRC Qingdao Sifang T251|T251]]||[[Mandai Depot]]||{{SMRT}}||[[Mandai Depot]] |
| | 90 | | |} |
| |- | | |
| ! Daily ridership | | ===Expansion=== |
| | 2.406 million (2011) | | The following table lists Mass Rapid Transit lines that are currently under construction, or that are in the planning stages: |
| | {|class=wikitable border=1 style="text-align:center;margin:auto" |
| | !Line!!Commencement!!colspan=2|Between stations!!Stations!!width=50|Length (km)!!Depot!!Operator |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2"| <strong>Operation</strong>
| | !colspan=8|Under Construction |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Began operation
| | |{{NEL}}<br><small>(North East Line extension)||2024||{{Stn|Punggol}}||{{Stn|Punggol Coast}}||1||2||{{N/A}}||{{SBST}} |
| | 7 November 1987 | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Operator(s)
| | |{{CCL}}<br><small>(Stage 6)||2026||{{Stn|HarbourFront}}||{{Stn|Marina Bay}}||3||4||{{N/A}}||{{SMRT}} |
| | SMRT Corporation<br>SBS Transit | |
| |- | |
| | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2"| <strong>Technical</strong> | |
| |- | |
| ! System length
| |
| | 148.9 km | |
| |- | |
| ! Track gauge
| |
| | 1,435 mm (Standard Gauge) | |
| |} | |
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| The '''Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)''' is a rapid transit system that forms the major component of the railway system in Singapore. The initial section of the MRT, between [[Yio Chu Kang MRT Station|Yio Chu Kang Station]] and [[Toa Payoh MRT Station|Toa Payoh Station]] opened in 1987. The network has since grown rapidly in accordance with Singapore's aim of developing a comprehensive rail network as the backbone of the public transport system, with an average daily ridership of 2.406 million in 2011, approximately 71% of the bus network's 3.385 million in the same period.
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| The MRT network has 90 stations with 148.9 kilometres of lines and operates on standard gauge. The lines have been constructed by the [[Land Transport Authority]] which allocates operating concessions to either [[SMRT Corporation]] and SBS Transit. The MRT is complemented by the regional [[Light Rapid Transit (Singapore)|Light Rapid Transit]] (LRT) systems that link MRT stations with HDB public housing estates.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(1)</font></sup> Services operate from about 5.30am and end about 1am daily with frequencies of approximately 2 to 12 minutes, and services extended during festive periods.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(2)</font></sup>
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| ==History==
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| : ''Main articles: [[History of the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)]]''
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| The origins of the MRT are derived from a forecast by city planners in 1967 which stated the need for a rail-based urban transport system by 1992.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(3)</font>[http://soc2apc.wikispaces.com/file/view/Issues+and+challenges+for+Singapore,+sustainable+transport+planning+and+development.pdf (4)]</sup> Following a debate on whether a bus-only system would be more cost-effective, Parliament came to the conclusion that an all-bus system would be inadequate, as it would have to compete for road space in a land-scarce country.<sup>[http://www.lta.gov.sg/public_transport/pt_rail_tracing.htm (5)][http://www.channelnewsasia.com/cna/obituaries/ongtengcheong/special2.htm (6)]</sup> The initial $5 billion construction of the network was Singapore's largest public works project at the time, starting on 22 October 1983 at Shan Road.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(7)</font></sup> The network was built in stages, with the [[North South Line]] given priority because it passed through the central area that has a high demand for public transport. The Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC), later renamed as [[SMRT Corporation]], was established on 14 October 1983; it took over the roles and responsibilities of the former provisional Mass Rapid Transit Authority.<sup>[http://www.lta.gov.sg/public_transport/pt_rail_tracing.htm (5)]</sup> On 7 November 1987, the first section of the North South Line started operations, consisting of five stations over six kilometres.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(7)</font></sup> The opening of [[Boon Lay MRT Station|Boon Lay Station]] on the [[East West Line]] on 6 July 1990 marked the completion of the system two years ahead of schedule.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(8)(9)</font></sup>
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| The MRT has subsequently been expanded. This includes a $1.2 billion expansion of the North South Line into Woodlands, completing a continuous loop on 10 February 1996.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(10)(11)</font></sup> The concept of having rail lines that bring people almost directly to their homes led to the introduction of the [[Light Rapid Transit (Singapore)|Light Rapid Transit]] (LRT) lines connecting with the MRT network.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(11)(12)</font></sup> On 6 November 1999, the first LRT trains on the [[Bukit Panjang LRT]] went into operation.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(13)</font></sup> In 2002, the [[Changi Airport MRT Station|Changi Airport]] and [[Expo MRT Station|Expo]] stations were added to the MRT network.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(14)</font></sup> The [[North East Line]] (NEL) opened on 20 June 2003. On 15 January 2006, after intense lobbying by the public, [[Buangkok MRT Station|Buangkok]] station was opened.<sup>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/165384/1/.html (15)][http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/178318/1/.html (16)]</sup> The Boon Lay Extension, consisting of [[Pioneer MRT Station|Pioneer]] and [[Joo Koon MRT Station|Joo Koon]], began revenue service on 28 February 2009.<sup>[http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_344108.html (17)][http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/410603/1/.html (18)]</sup> On 28 May 2009, the first section of the Circle Line from Marymount Station to Bartley Station was opened. The second sections, from Tai Seng Station to Dhoby Ghaut Station, opened on 17 April 2010. The third sections, from Caldecott stations to Harbourfront station, opened on 8 October 2011. The Circle Line Marina Bay Extension from Promenade station to Marina Bay station, opened on 14 January 2012.
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| ==Infrastructure==
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| ===Current Network===
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| {|class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="6" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; color: black; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; text-align:center" | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! rowspan="7" align="left"|[[Image:MRT and LRT System Maps.png|frameless|upright=1.50|centre|Network map]]
| | |rowspan=2|{{DTL}}||2025||colspan=2|{{Stn|Hume}}||1||0||{{N/A}}||rowspan=2|{{SBST}} |
| ! Line<br>(Operator)
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| ! Opening Year
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| ! Latest Extension
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| ! colspan="2"| Termini
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| ! Station
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| ! Length<br>(km)
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| ! Depot along line
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| |- | | |- |
| | [[North South Line|<font color=#D71D04><b>North South Line</b></font>]]<br>([[SMRT Trains]]) | | |2026 (Stage 3 extension)||{{Stn|Expo}}||{{Stn|Sungei Bedok}}||2||2.2||[[East Coast Integrated Depot]] |
| | 1987 | |
| | 1996 | |
| | [[Jurong East MRT Station|Jurong East]] | |
| | [[Marina Bay MRT Station|Marina Bay]] | |
| | 25 | |
| | 43.5 | |
| | [[Bishan Depot|Bishan]]<br>[[Ulu Pandan Depot|Ulu Pandan]] | |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | [[East West Line|<font color=#009C4B><b>East West Line</b></font>]]<br>([[SMRT Trains]]) | | |{{TEL}}||2026 (Stage 5)||{{Stn|Bayshore}}||{{Stn|Sungei Bedok}}||2||2.9||[[East Coast Integrated Depot]]||{{SMRT}} |
| | 1987 | |
| | 2009 | |
| | [[Pasir Ris MRT Station|Pasir Ris]] | |
| | [[Joo Koon MRT Station|Joo Koon]] | |
| | 29 | |
| | rowspan="2" | 49.7 | |
| | rowspan="2" | [[Ulu Pandan Depot|Ulu Pandan]]<br>[[Changi Depot|Changi]] | |
| |- | | |- |
| | 2001 | | |{{JRL}}||2027 (Stage 1)<br>2028 (Stage 2)<br>2029 (Stage 3)||{{Stn|Choa Chu Kang}}<br>{{Stn|Bahar Junction}}<br>{{Stn|Tengah}}||{{Stn|Jurong Pier}}<br>{{Stn|Peng Kang Hill}}<br>{{Stn|Pandan Reservoir}}||24||24||[[Tengah Depot]]||rowspan=4 {{N/A}} |
| | 2002 | |
| | [[Tanah Merah MRT Station|Tanah Merah]] | |
| | [[Changi Airport MRT Station|Changi Airport]] | |
| | 3 | |
| |- | | |- |
| | [[North East Line|<font color=#910FA3><b>North East Line</b></font>]]<br>([[SBS Transit]]) | | |rowspan=3|{{CRL}}||2030 (Stage 1)||{{Stn|Aviation Park}}||{{Stn|Bright Hill}}||12||29||Changi East Depot |
| | 2003 | |
| | N.A. | |
| | [[HarbourFront MRT Station|HarbourFront]] | |
| | [[Punggol MRT Station|Punggol]] | |
| | 16 | |
| | 20 | |
| | [[Sengkang Depot|Sengkang]] | |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | [[Circle Line|<font color=#FF8C00><b>Circle Line</b></font>]]<br>([[SMRT Trains]]) | | |2032 (Stage 2)||{{Stn|Bright Hill}}||{{Stn|Jurong Lake District}}||6||15||rowspan=2 {{N/A}} |
| | 2009 | |
| | 2011 | |
| | [[Dhoby Ghaut MRT Station|Dhoby Ghaut]] | |
| | [[HarbourFront MRT Station|HarbourFront]] | |
| | rowspan="2" | 30 | |
| | rowspan="2" | 35.7 | |
| | rowspan="2" | [[Kim Chuan Depot|Kim Chuan]] | |
| |- | | |- |
| | 2012 | | |2032 (Punggol extension)||{{Stn|Pasir Ris}}||{{Stn|Punggol}}||3||7.3 |
| | N.A. | |
| | [[Stadium MRT Station|Stadium]] | |
| | [[Marina Bay MRT Station|Marina Bay]] | |
| |} | | |} |
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| ===Facilities and services===
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| : ''Main articles: [[Facilities on the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)]]
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| Except for the partly at-grade [[Bishan MRT Station]], the entirety of the MRT station is elevated or underground. Most underground stations are deep and hardened enough to withstand conventional aerial bomb attacks and serve as bomb shelters.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(19)[http://www.scdf.gov.sg/Building_Professionals/CD_Shelter/shelter_programme.html (20)](21)</font></sup> Mobile phone service is available in and between all stations on the entire network.<sup>[http://www.iht.com/articles/1999/07/01/ttmetro.2.t.php (22)]</sup> Underground stations and trains are air-conditioned while all elevated stations have fans installed.
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| Every station is equipped with General Ticketing Machines (GTMs), a Passenger Service Centre, LED and plasma displays that show train service information and announcements. All stations are also equipped with restrooms and payphones.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(23)</font></sup> Some stations have additional amenities and services, such as retail shops and kiosks, supermarkets, convenience stores, ATM, and self-service automated kiosks for a variety of services.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(24)</font></sup> Heavy-duty escalators shuttle passengers up or down the station at a rate of 0.75 m/s.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(25)(26)</font></sup>
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| The older stations on the [[North South Line]] and [[East West Line]] were originally built with no accessible facilities, such as lifts, ramps, tactile guidance systems (braille tactiles on the floor surface), wider fare gates and toilets for passengers with disabilities;<sup><font color="#0000FF">(27)</font></sup> authorities in the past discouraged use of their system by the disabled.<sup>[http://www.dpa.org.sg/news/news_july_1998-1.htm (28)]</sup> However, these facilities are installed to make all stations accessible to the elderly and to those with disabilities.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(27)[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/75146/1/.html (29)](30)</font></sup> All stations are now barrier-free, although works are ongoing to provide stations with additional barrier-free facilities. On 7 March 2012, transport minister Lui Tuck Yew told Parliament that the installation of lifts at pedestrian overhead bridges next to 6 stations would be completed by 2013 and another 17 stations by 2016. Also, there are to be additional bicycle parking racks for 10 stations completed by 2012 and another 10 stations to have bicycle parking racks by 2013.<sup>[http://app.mot.gov.sg/News_Centre/Highlights/ID/6FA9100030F23300/COS_2012_Land_Transport_Updates.aspx (31)]</sup>
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| ===Depots===
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| SMRT Corporation has four train depots: The [[Bishan Depot]] is the central maintenance depot with train overhaul facilities,<sup><font color="#0000FF">(32)</font></sup> while the [[Changi Depot]] and [[Ulu Pandan Depot]] inspect and house trains overnight.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(33)</font></sup> The [[Kim Chuan Depot]] houses trains for the [[Circle Line]].<sup><font color="#0000FF">(34)</font></sup> [[Jurong East MRT Station|Jurong East ]], [[Tanah Merah MRT Station|Tanah Merah]], [[Ang Mo Kio MRT Station|Ang Mo Kio]], and [[Paya Lebar MRT Station|Paya Lebar]] (Circle Line) stations' platforms were built with a third middle track for off-service trains to stop before returning to their depots.
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| [[Sengkang Depot]] houses trains for the [[North East Line]], the [[Sengkang LRT]] and the [[Punggol LRT]], all operated by SBS Transit. It is the first depot to have structural provisions for an industrial development located above the depot, to minimize the wastage of land in land-scarce Singapore.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(34)</font></sup>
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| On 7 March 2012, transport minister Lui Tuck Yew told Parliament that a new depot for the North South and East West Lines (NSEWL) and Tuas West Extension would be ready in 2016, and the upgrading of the existing North South Line and East West Line (NSEWL) depots would be started and completed by 2014.<sup>[http://app.mot.gov.sg/News_Centre/Highlights/ID/6FA9100030F23300/COS_2012_Land_Transport_Updates.aspx (35)]</sup>
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| ===Architecture and art===
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| Early stages of the MRT's construction paid relatively scant attention to station design, with an emphasis on functionality over aesthetics. This is evident from the station that opened between 1987 and 1988. An exception to this was [[Orchard MRT Station|Orchard Station]], chosen by its designers to be a "showpiece" of the system and was built initially with a domed roof.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(36)</font></sup> Architectural themes became a more important issue only in subsequent stages, and resulted in such designs as the cylindrical station shapes on all stations between [[Kallang MRT Station|Kallang]] and [[Pasir Ris MRT Station|Pasir Ris]] except [[Eunos MRT Station|Eunos]]. [[Boon Lay MRT Station|Boon Lay]], [[Lakeside MRT Station|Lakeside]], [[Chinese Garden MRT Station|Chinese Garden]], [[Bukit Batok MRT Station|Bukit Batok]], [[Bukit Gombak MRT Station|Bukit Gombak]], [[Choa Chu Kang MRT Station|Choa Chu Kang]], [[Khatib MRT Station|Khatib]], [[Yishun MRT Station|Yishun]] and Eunos stations has perched roofs.<sup>[http://www.mica.gov.sg/pressroom/press_030606.html (37)]</sup>
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| Art pieces are seldom highlighted; they primarily consist of a few paintings or sculptures representing the past of Singapore, mounted in major stations. The opening of Woodlands Extension introduced bolder pieces of artwork, such as a 4,000 kg sculpture in [[Woodlands MRT Station|Woodlands Station]].<sup>[http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_366_2005-01-10.html (38)]</sup> With the opening of the North East Line, a series of artworks created under a programme called "Art In Transit" were commissioned by the Land Transport Authority. Created by 19 local artists and integrated into the stations' interior architecture, these artworks aim to promote the appreciation of public art in high-traffic environments. The artwork for each station is designed to suit the station's identity. Only stations on the North East Line, Circle Line and Downtown Line come under this programme.<sup>[http://www.lta.gov.sg/public_transport/doc/Art%20in%20Transit%20brochure.pdf (39)]<font color="#0000FF">(40)</font></sup>
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| [[Expo MRT Station|Expo Station]] on the East West Line [[Changi Airport Extension]] is adjacent to Singapore Expo exhibition facility. Designed by Foster and Partners and completed in January 2001, the station features a large pillarless titanium clad roof in an elliptical shape that sheathes the length of the station platform. This complements a smaller 40 m reflective stainless steel disc overlapping the titanium ellipse and visually floats over a glass elevator shaft and the main entrance. The other station with similar architecture is Dover.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(41)</font>[http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/0966/Default.aspx (42)]</sup>
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| Two [[Circle Line]] Stations, [[Bras Basah MRT Station|Bras Basah]] and [[Stadium MRT Station|Stadium]] were commissioned through the Marina Line Architectural Design Competition jointly organized by the [[Land Transport Authority]] and the Singapore Institute of Architects. The competition required no track record and is acknowledged by the industry as one of the most impartial competitions held in Singapore to date. The winner of both stations was WOHA. In 2009, "Best Transport Building" was awarded to the designers at WOHA Architects at the World Architecture Festival <sup>[http://www.worldbuildingsdirectory.com/project.cfm?id=1780 (43)]</sup>
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| ==Expansions==
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| The MRT system relied on its two main lines, [[North South Line]] and [[East West Line]], for more than a decade until the opening of the [[North East Line]] in 2003. While plans for these lines, as well as those currently under construction, were formulated long before, the Land Transport Authority's (LTA) publication of a white paper titled "''A World Class Land Transport System''" in 1996 galvanised the government's intentions to expand on the existing system.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(44)</font>[http://www.lta.gov.sg/projects/index_proj_rail.htm (45)]</sup> The plans allow for long-term replacement of bus network by rail-based transportation as the primary mode of public transportation. It called for the expansion of the 67 km of track in 1995 to over 160 in 10 to 15 years, and envisaged further expansion in the longer term.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(44)</font></sup> It was anticipated that daily ridership in 2020 would have grown to 4.6 million from the current 1.4 million passengers.<sup>[http://www.lta.gov.sg/corp_info/doc/250108.pdf (46)]</sup> The addition of the lines currently under construction and those approved for construction will bring the MRT network to 278 km by 2020.<sup>[http://www.straitstimes.com/Latest+News/Singapore/STIStory_199957.html (47)]<font color="#0000FF">(48)</font></sup>
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| ===Downtown Line===
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| : ''Main articles: [[Downtown Line]]''
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| Currently in construction, the 41.9 km fully underground Downtown Line (DTL) passing through 34 stations will connect the northwestern and eastern regions of Singapore to the new downtown at Marina Bay in the south and the Central Business District.<sup>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/239554/1/.html (49)]</sup> Similar to the Circle Line, 3-car trainsets will run on the Downtown Line with line capacity for 500,000 commuters daily. It will be completed in three stages with stages 1, 2 and 3 opening by 2013, 2015 and 2017 respectively.<sup>[http://www.lta.gov.sg/corp_info/doc/250108.pdf (46)][http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/272864/1/.html (50)]<font color="#0000FF">(51)</font>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/360422/1/.html (52)]</sup>
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| ===Thomson Line===
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| : ''Main articles: [[Thomson Line]]''
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| The forthcoming 30 km Thomson Line (TSL) is tentatively planned to serve 23 stations. The TSL will start from the Marina Bay area and end in the northern part of Singapore. It will pass through the Central Business District, Ang Mo Kio, Sin Ming, Kebun Baru, Thomson, Kim Seng and Woodlands.<sup>[http://www.lta.gov.sg/corp_info/doc/250108.pdf (46)][http://www.straitstimes.com/Free/Story/STIStory_200093.html (53)]</sup> It will relieve crowding on the [[North South Line]] and reduce travel times between Woodlands and the Central Business District. The underground line is expected to be completed by 2018.<sup>[http://www.lta.gov.sg/corp_info/doc/250108.pdf (46)]</sup>
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| ===Eastern Region Line===
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| : ''Main articles: [[Eastern Region Line]]''
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| The 21 km Eastern Region Line (ERL) is tentatively planned to serve 12 stations. The ERL will probably run from Marina Bay, passing through Tanjong Rhu, Siglap, Marine Parade and Bedok before terminating at Changi.<sup>[http://www.lta.gov.sg/corp_info/doc/250108.pdf (46)][http://www.straitstimes.com/Free/Story/STIStory_200093.html (53)]</sup> It will generally be parallel to and south of the East West Line. It will help to relieve crowding on the East West Line. The underground line is expected to be completed by 2020.
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| ===North South Line Extension===
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| A 1 km one station extension from [[Marina Bay MRT Station|Marina Bay]] will be built and completed by 2014. The new [[Marina South Pier MRT Station|Marina South Pier station]] will be near the upcoming International Cruise Terminal. The completion date will be brought forward to 2014.<sup>[http://www.lta.gov.sg/corp_info/doc/250108.pdf (54)][http://app.mot.gov.sg/News_Centre/Highlights/ID/6FA9100030F23300/COS_2012_Land_Transport_Updates.aspx (55)]</sup>
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| ===Tuas West Extension===
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| The Tuas West Extension is an extension of the East West Line from Joo Koon station, consisting of a 7.5 km long twin tracked MRT viaduct, four above-ground stations, and a depot. The MRT viaduct is to be integrated with a road viaduct along Pioneer Road.
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| The stations, [[Gul Circle MRT Station|Gul Circle]], [[Tuas Crescent MRT Station|Tuas Crescent]], [[Tuas West Road MRT Station|Tuas West Road]] and [[Tuas Link MRT Station|Tuas Link]], will improve MRT connectivity in the Tuas area. Commuters working in the Jurong and Tuas industrial estates will enjoy significantly better public transport and accessibility. Commuters to the Tuas area will benefit from journey-time savings of up to 35 minutes. When operational in 2016, the Tuas West Extension is expected to serve about 100,000 commuters daily. On 7 March 2012, transport minster Lui Tuck Yew told Parliament that, in conjunction with Tuas West Extension, a much larger depot will be built by 2016 to house the additional trains needed to enhance the capacity of the North South and East West Lines.<sup>[http://app.mot.gov.sg/News_Centre/Highlights/ID/6FA9100030F23300/COS_2012_Land_Transport_Updates.aspx (56)]</sup>
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| ===Circle Line Stage 6===
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| To improve the direct east-west connectivity between the central east and central west areas, the 4km line will ‘close the circle’ by connecting HarbourFront station to Marina Bay station. By 2025, commuters will enjoy a direct route between key employment areas in the Central Business District, upcoming developments in the Marina Bay area, and retail and office centres in the HarbourFront area via the CCL6.
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| ==Rolling Stock==
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| Four types of rolling stock are used on the [[North South Line]] and the [[East West Line]]. They are powered by 750-volt DC third rail, operate in sets of six cars,<sup><font color="#0000FF">(57)[http://www.smrt.com.sg/smrt/train_sys.htm#trains (58)](59)</font></sup> and use an automatic train operation system (ATO).<sup><font color="#0000FF">(59)</font></sup>
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| The majority of the fleet comprises 66 six car [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151|C151 trains]];<sup>[http://www.khi.co.jp/sharyo/since_final/since_e.html (60)]</sup> these were the oldest trains in operation.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(57)</font></sup> They were built between 1986 and 1989 by Kawasaki Heavy Industries in consortium with Nippon Sharyo, Tokyu Car Corporation and Kinki Sharyo for $581.5 million.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(57)(61)</font></sup> A $142.7 million refurbishment of these trains' interior were completed in 2009.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(62)(63)</font></sup> 19 more six car [[Siemens C651|C651 trains]], manufactured by Siemens were purchased in 1994 when the [[North South Line|Woodlands extension]] opened.<sup>[http://references.transportation.siemens.com/refdb/showReference.do?r=455&div=5&l=en (64)]<font color="#0000FF">(65)</font></sup>
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| 21 six car [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries & Nippon Sharyo C751B|C751B trains]] manufactured by Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Nippon Sharyo were purchased in 2000 when the [[Changi Airport Extension]] opened.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(66)</font>[http://www.khi.co.jp/sharyo/since_final/since_e.html (60)]</sup> The cars have a sleeker design and come with an improved passenger information system, more grab poles, wider seats, more space near the doors and spaces for wheelchairs. Intended for direct service from Boon Lay to [[Changi Airport MRT Station|Changi Airport]], luggage racks were installed for air travellers.<sup>[http://www.smrt.com.sg/Upload/200712202113259920.pdf (67)]</sup> However, in April 2002, faulty gearboxes forced all 21 train-sets to be off-service, and the service was temporarily suspended.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(68)</font></sup> The direct service was scrapped in July 2003, and the luggage racks were removed.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(69)</font></sup>
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| 22 six car [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang C151A|C151A trains]] by a consortium comprising Kawasaki Heavy Industries and CSR Qingdao Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock began revenue service in 2011 to bolster capacity along the two lines by 15 percent.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(70)</font></sup>
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| 25 six car fully automatic and driverless [[Alstom Metropolis C751A|C751A trains]] have been running on the [[North East Line]] since 2003. These trains are running on 1500 volts direct current supplied via overhead lines and are the first MRT trains in Singapore to incorporate CCTV.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(71)</font></sup> Alstom Transportation of France was contracted by the Land Transport Authority in 1997 and 1998 to supply these cars.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(72)</font></sup> A further 40 three car fully automatic and driverless [[Alstom Metropolis C830|C830 trains]] began operation on the [[Circle Line]] on 28 May 2009. Unlike their C751A counterparts, these trains are run on 750-volt DC supplied via third rail.<sup>[http://www.irse.org.sg/reference_documents/Convention%20Papers/IRSE%20Paper%2012%20-%20X%20Champaud.pdf (73)]</sup>
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| 73 three car fully automatic and driverless [[Bombardier MOVIA C951|C951 trains]] will run on the [[Downtown Line]] in 2013, with initial deliveries scheduled for 2012 and the final deliveries for 2016.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(74)</font></sup> These trains will run on 750-volt DC supplied by third rail.
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| A contract for 18 additional [[North East Line]] trains and 16 additional [[Circle Line]] trains called [[Alstom Metropolis C751C]] and [[Alstom Metropolis C830C]] respectively has been awarded to Alstom Transport S.A/Alstom Transport (S) Pte Ltd for $234.9 million and $134 million respectively.<sup>[http://app.lta.gov.sg/corp_press_content.asp?start=5qmktlgi52sor9rc5r00c6xm8pg371lwhgx5hvtwu8381p6o95 (75)][http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2012/2/alstom-to-supply-34-metropolis-trains-and-signaling-upgrade-to-singapore-metro/ (76)]</sup>
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| ==Fares and ticketing==
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| : ''Main articles: [[Fares and ticketing on the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)]]''
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| Stations are divided into two areas, ''paid'' and ''unpaid'', which allow the rail operators to collect fares by restricting entry only through the fare gates.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(77)</font></sup> These gates, connected to a computer network, can read and update electronic tickets capable of storing data, and can store information such as the initial and destination stations and the duration for each trip.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(78)</font></sup> General Ticketing Machines sell tickets for single trips or allow the customer to buy additional value for stored-value tickets. Tickets for single trips, coloured in green, are valid only on the day of purchase, and have a time allowance of 30 minutes beyond the estimated travelling time. Tickets that can be used repeatedly until their expiry date require a minimum amount of stored credit.
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| As the fare system has been integrated by TransitLink, commuters need to pay only one fare and pass through two fare gates (once on entry, once on exit) for an entire journey, even when transferring between lines operated by different companies.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(78)</font></sup> Commuters can choose to extend a trip mid-journey, and pay the difference when they exit their destination station.
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| ===Fares===
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| Because the rail operators are government-assisted, profit-based corporations, fares on the MRT system are pitched to at least break-even level.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(19)(79)</font></sup> The operators collect these fares by selling electronic data-storing tickets, the prices of which are calculated based on the distance between the start and destination stations.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(78)</font></sup> These prices increase in fixed stages for standard non-discounted travel. Fares are calculated in increments based on approximate distances between stations, in contrast to the use of fare zones.
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| Although operated by private companies, the system's fare structure is regulated by the Public Transport Council (PTC), to which the operators submit requests for changes in fares.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(79)(80)</font></sup> Fares are kept affordable by pegging them approximately to distance-related bus fares, thus encouraging commuters to use the network and reduce its heavy reliance on the bus system. Fare increases over the past few years have caused public concern,<sup>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/145571/1/.html (81)]</sup> the latest one having taken effect from 1 October 2008.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(82)</font></sup> There were similar expressions of disapproval over the slightly higher fares charged on SBS Transit's [[North East Line]], a disparity that SBS Transit justified by citing higher costs of operation and maintenance on a completely underground line, as well as lower patronage.<sup>[http://www.ptc.gov.sg/news4.pdf (83)]</sup>
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| ===Ticketing===
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| : ''Main articles: [[CEPAS]], [[EZ-Link]], [[Network for Electronic Transfers|NETS]]''
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| The ticketing system uses the EZ-Link and NETS FlashPay contactless smart cards based upon the Symphony for e-Payment (SeP) system for public transit built on the Singapore Standard for Contactless ePurse Application (CEPAS) system. This system allows for up to 4 card issuers in the market.<sup>[http://www.straitstimes.com/print/Breaking%2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_323895.html (84)]</sup> The EZ-Link card was introduced on 13 April 2002 as a replacement for the original TransitLink farecard, while its competitor the NETS FlashPay card entered the smartcard market on 9 October 2009.
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| An adult EZ-Link card may be bought for S$12, inclusive of a S$5 non-refundable card cost and a S$7 credit. The card may be obtained at any TransitLink Ticket Office or Passenger Service Centre. The card may also be used for payment for goods and services at merchants displaying the "EZ-Link" logo, Electronic Road Pricing tolls, and Electronic Parking System carparks.<sup>[http://www.straitstimes.com/print/Breaking%2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_323895.html (84)][http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/371754/1/.html (85)]</sup> Additional credit may be purchased at any General Ticketing Machine (GTM), Add Value Machine (AVM), TransitLink Ticket Office, Passenger Service Centre, AXS Station, DBS/POSB Automatic Teller Machine (ATM), online via a card reader purchased separately, or selected merchants. Additional credit of a predetermined value may also be automatically purchased whenever the card value is low via an automatic recharge service provided by Interbank GIRO or through a manual application at the TransitLink Ticket Office or credit card online. A option for EZ-Link Season Pass for unlimited travel on buses and trains is available for purchase and is non-transferable. Its main competitor, the NETS FlashPay card, may be purchased for at least S$12 for the payment of transport fares in Singapore and at merchants displaying the "NETS FlashPay" logo.
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| A Standard Ticket contactless smart card for single trips may also be purchased between S$2 and S$4 (inclusive of a S$1 refundable card deposit) for the payment of MRT and LRT fares. The card may be purchased only at the GTM. The deposit may also be retrieved by returning the card to the GTM within 30 days from the date of issue or donated to charity by depositing it in a collection box at any station. This card cannot be recharged with additional credit.
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| For tourists, a Singapore Tourist Pass contactless smartcard may be purchased from S$18 (inclusive of a S$10 refundable card deposit and a 1-day pass).<sup><font color="#0000FF">(86)</font></sup> The card may be bought at selected TransitLink Ticket Offices and Singapore Visitors Centres. The deposit may be retrieved by returning the card to selected TransitLink Ticket Offices and Singapore Visitors Centres within 5 days from the date of issue.
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| ==Safety==
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| : ''Main article: [[Safety on the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)]]''
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| Operators and authorities state that numerous measures have been taken to ensure the safety of passengers, and SBS Transit publicised the safety precautions on the driverless [[North East Line]] before and after its opening.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(71)(87)</font></sup> Safety campaign posters are highly visible in trains and stations, and the operators frequently broadcast safety announcements to passengers and to commuters waiting for trains. Fire safety standards are consistent with the strict guidelines of the US National Fire Protection Association.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(21)(88)</font></sup> [[Platform screen doors]] are installed at all underground stations,<sup><font color="#0000FF">(21)</font></sup> with Half-Height Platform Screen Doors (HHPSDs) are built at all above-ground stations. These prevent suicides, enable climate control in stations, and prevent unauthorised access to restricted areas. Under the ''Rapid Transit Systems Act'', acts such as smoking, eating or drinking on stations and trains, the misuse of emergency equipment and trespassing on the railway tracks are illegal, with penalties ranging from fines to imprisonment.<sup>[http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_retrieve.pl?actno=REVED-263A&doctitle=RAPID%20TRANSIT%20SYSTEMS%20ACT%0a&date=latest&method=part (89)][http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking+News/Singapore/Story/STIStory_404559.html (30)]</sup>
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| Safety concerns were raised among the public after several accidents on the system during the 1980s and 1990s, but most problems have been rectified. On 5 August 1993, two trains collided at [[Clementi MRT Station|Clementi]] station because of an oil spillage on the track, which resulted in 132 injuries.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(91)</font></sup> There were calls for platform screen doors to be installed at above-ground stations after several incidents in which passengers were killed by oncoming trains when they fell on to the railway tracks at above-ground stations. The authorities initially rejected the proposal by casting doubts over functionality and concerns about the high installation costs,[http://app.lta.gov.sg/corp_press_content.asp?start=1090 (92)]</sup> but made an about-turn when the government announced plans to install HHPSDs in a speech on 25 January 2008,<sup>[http://www.lta.gov.sg/corp_info/doc/250108.pdf (46)]</sup> citing lower costs due to its becoming a more common feature worldwide.<sup>[http://www.straitstimes.com/Latest+News/Singapore/STIStory_199958.html (93)]</sup> The HHPSDs were first installed on the platforms of [[Jurong East MRT Station|Jurong East]] station (original platforms), [[Pasir Ris MRT Station|Pasir Ris]] station and [[Yishun MRT Station|Yishun]] station in 2009 as trials, and all other elevated stations will have platform screen doors installed eventually.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(94)</font></sup> On 7 March 2012, Minister for Transport Lui Tuck Yew told Parliament that all remaining elevated stations on NSEWL would be fitted with HHPSDs by March 2012. A preliminary implementation plan for railway noise mitigation is to be developed by the third quarter of 2012.[http://app.mot.gov.sg/News_Centre/Highlights/ID/6FA9100030F23300/COS_2012_Land_Transport_Updates.aspx (95)]</sup> All above-ground stations are installed with HHPSDs and operational since.<sup>[http://app.lta.gov.sg/corp_press_content.asp?start=c5vt4cu2rdq2830rqy7436d0l5leacbpr223gyg5g67rvnb7ns (96)]</sup>
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| ==Security==
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| : ''Main article: [[Security on the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)]]''
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| Security concerns related to crime and terrorism were not high on the agenda of the system's planners at its inception.<sup>[http://www.rcm-advies.nl/Webpagina's/Transit%20Systems/Singapore%20-%20cp.htm (97)]</sup> However, after the Madrid train bombings in 2004 and the foiled plot to bomb the Yishun Station,<sup>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/cna/arrests/release1_020124.htm (98)]</sup> the operators deployed private, unarmed guards to patrol station platforms and check the belongings of commuters.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(99)</font></sup>
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| Recorded announcements are frequently made to remind passengers to report suspicious activity and not to leave their belongings unattended. Digital closed-circuit cameras (CCTVs) have been upgraded with recording-capability at all stations and trains operated by SMRT Corporation.<sup>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/99715/1/.html (100)]<font color="#0000FF">(101)</font></sup> Trash bins and mail boxes have been removed from station platforms and concourse levels to station entrances, to eliminate the risk that bombs will be placed in them.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(102)</font></sup> Photography without permission was also banned in all MRT stations since the Madrid bombings, but it was not in the official statement in any public transport security reviews.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(103)</font></sup>
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| On 14 April 2005 the Singapore Police Force announced plans to step up rail security by establishing a specialised Police MRT Unit.<sup>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/142602/1/.html (104)]</sup> These armed officers began overt patrols on the MRT and LRT systems on 15 August 2005, conducting random patrols in pairs in and around rail stations and within trains.<sup><font color="#0000FF">(105)</font></sup> They are trained and authorised to use their firearms at their discretion, including deadly force if deemed necessary.<sup>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/163270/1/.html (106)]</sup> On 8 January 2006, a major civil exercise involving over 2,000 personnel from 22 government agencies, codenamed [[Exercise Northstar V]], simulating bombing and chemical attacks at Dhoby Ghaut, Toa Payoh, Raffles Place and Marina Bay MRT stations was conducted. Thirteen stations were closed and about 3,400 commuters were affected during the three-hour exercise.<sup>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/187113/1/.html (107)]</sup>
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| Security concerns were brought up by the public when two incidents of vandalism at train depots occurred within two years.<sup>[http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20110819-295140.html (108)]</sup> In both incidents, graffiti on the affected trains were discovered after they entered revenue service.<sup>[http://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20110817-294968.html (109)]</sup> The first incident on 17 May 2010 involved a breach in the perimeter fence of Changi Depot and resulted in the imprisonment and caning of a Swiss citizen, and an Interpol arrest warrant for his accomplice. The train involved was [[C151 - 047/048|C151 047/048]].<sup>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1061853/1/.html (110)][http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1110605/1/.html (111)]</sup> SMRT Corporation received a S$50,000 fine by the Land Transport Authority for the first security breach.<sup>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1110605/1/.html (111)]</sup> Measures were put in place by the Public Transport Security Committee to enhance depot security in light of the first incident, but works were yet to be completed by SMRT Corporation when the second incident on 17 August 2011 involving [[C751B - 311/312|C751B 311/312]], occurred at Bishan Depot.<sup>[http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20110819-295140.html (108)][http://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20110817-294968.html (109)]</sup>
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| ==Rules and Restrictions==
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| Like the rest of Singapore, the MRT has numerous and strict penalties. Eating or drinking on on any mass transit in Singapore results in a $500 fine, while flammable goods result in one totaling $5000. Smoking in any of these locations will cause a $1000 fine.
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| # Land Transport Authority, Singapore 1996, p. 8.
| | <references/> |
| # "Train, bus runs". The Straits Times (Singapore): p. 18. 24 December 2007.
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| # Sharp 2005, p. 66
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| # Fwa Tien Fang (4 September 2004). Sustainable Urban Transportation Planning and Development — Issues and Challenges for Singapore. Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore. Retrieved 2008-12-18.[dead link]
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| # "1982 - The Year Work Began". Land Transport Authority. Retrieved 2005-12-07.
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| # Lee Siew Hoon & Chandra Mohan. "In Memoriam — Ong Teng Cheong: A Profile". Channel NewsAsia (Singapore). Retrieved 2007-11-26.
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| # Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore 1988, pp. 8-9
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| # Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore 1988, p. 10.
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| # Sharp 2005, p. 109.
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| # Sharp 2005, p. 110
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| # Lim Seng Tiong (11 February 1996). "Bukit Panjang to get S'pore's first light rail train". The Straits Times (Singapore): p. 1.
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| # Sharp 2005, p. 122.
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| # Karamjit Kaur (26 July 1999). "Bukit Panjang LRT to begin operating on Nov 6". The Straits Times (Singapore): p. 3.
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| # Karamjit Kaur (9 February 2002). "Next stop: Changi Airport; New MRT station at airport opens. With wider fare gates and a futuristic design, it promises to be a hit with commuters". The Straits Times: p. 3.
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| # Hasnita A Majid (28 August 2005). "Residents bring up 'white elephant' Buangkok MRT during minister's visit". Channel NewsAsia.
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| # Yvonne Cheong (12 November 2005). "Grassroots leaders plan celebration for Buangkok MRT station opening". Channel NewsAsia.
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| # Yeo Ghim Lay; Goh Yi Han (28 February 2009). "Boon for Boon Lay". The Straits Times: p. 32.[dead link]
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| # Cheryl Lim (21 February 2009). "Boon Lay MRT extension offers shorter journey times". Channel NewsAsia.
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| # Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore 1988, p. 14
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| # "Civil Defence Shelter Programme". Singapore Civil Defence Force. Archived from the original on 30 December 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-01.
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| # Kwan Cheng Fai (April 1987). "Architecture of Singapore MRT Underground Stations Concept Layout and Planning". MRTC & IES 1987, pp. 29-33.
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| # Eoin Licken (1 July 1999). "New Frontier for Mobile-Phone Operators Lies Underground". International Herald Tribune (Paris).
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| # Pang Kia Seng, Michael T W Grant, Tom Curley & Scott Danielson (April 1987). "Architectural Aspects of Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit Elevated Stations". MRTC & IES 1987, pp. 13-27.
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| # Geraldine Yeo (8 February 1996). "MRT shops: What works and why". The Straits Times (Singapore): p. 43.
| |
| # Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore, Trackline Volume 4 No. 5 (October 1987), "A safe railway for all", pp. 4-5.
| |
| # Dr. Ing D Herrmann (April 1987). "Heavy Duty Escalators and Their Special Features for MRT". MRTC & IES 1987, pp. 341-350.
| |
| # Sharp 2005, pp. 176-179.
| |
| # Toh Su Fen (Land Transport Authority) (2 July 1998). "Public transport can't cater to all disabled (Letter to the editor)". The Straits Times (Singapore): p. 49.
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| # Asha Popatlal (12 March 2004). "Tactile tiles to help blind navigate Singapore's MRT stations". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 17 March 2004.
| |
| # Land Transport Authority et al., Journeys Issue 42 (Jan/Feb 2003), "Get a Lift-up!", p. 10.
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| # "COS 2012: Land Transport Updates" (Press release). Ministry Of Transport. 7 March 2012.
| |
| # Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore 1988, p. 46.
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| # B B Broms & J N Shirlaw (April 1987). "Depot Sites". MRTC & IES 1987, pp. 71-77..
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| # "Room to develop at new Circle MRT Line depot". The Straits Times: p. 116. 28 October 2003.
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| # "COS 2012: Land Transport Updates" (Press release). Ministry of Transport. 7 March 2012.
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| # Audrey Teo-Loh & Patrick de Labrusse (April 1987). "Orchard Station Architectural Works". MRTC & IES 1987, pp. 53-63..
| |
| # Khaw Boon Wan (6 June 2003). "Speech at Launch of Art In Transit" (Press release). Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts.
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| # Naidu Ratnala Thulaja. "Woodlands MRT Station". National Library Board Infopedia. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
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| # "Art in Transit brochure". Land Transport Authority. Retrieved 2005-12-07.
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| # Adeline Chia (21 August 2008). "Draw the Line; Stop and look before you go as the new $6.7-billion MRT line will be a charmed circle of art and design". The Straits Times: p. 50.
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| # Karamjit Kaur (11 February 1998). "Changi Airport MRT station designed for travellers". The Straits Times: p. 1.
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| # "EXPO Station, Singapore, 1997-2000". Foster and Partners. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
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| # "Bras Basah Mass Rapid Transit Station". World Buildings Directory. 2009.
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| # Land Transport Authority, Singapore 1996, pp. 44-47
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| # "Other Rail Projects". Land Transport Authority. Retrieved 2005-12-07.
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| # "Speech by Mr Raymond Lim, Minister for Transport, at the Visit to Kim Chuan Depot, 25 January 2008, 9.00am" (Press release). Land Transport Authority. 25 January 2008.
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| # "2 new MRT lines & 2 extensions by 2020". The Straits Times. 25 January 2008.
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| # Christoper Tan (13 March 2006). "Groundwork begins for new MRT lines". The Straits Times.
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| # Asha Popatlal (5 November 2006). "MRT feasibility studies underway for Downtown Line". Channel NewsAsia.
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| # Dominique Loh (27 April 2007). "Govt approves S$12b MRT Downtown Line to be built by 2018". Channel NewsAsia.
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| # Christoper Tan (28 April 2007). "33-station Downtown Line gets go-ahead, will be ready by 2018". The Straits Times: p. 1.
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| # Imelda Saad (15 July 2008). "Downtown Line Stage 2 to have 12 stations". Channel NewsAsia (Singapore).
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| # Maria Almenoar (26 January 2008). "Two new MRT lines by 2020". The Straits Times.
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| # "Speech by Mr Raymond Lim, Minister for Transport" (Press release). Land Transport Authority. 25 January 2008.
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| # "COS 2012: Land Transport Updates" (Press release). Ministry Of Transport. 7 March 2012.
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| # "COS 2012: Land Transport Updates" (Press release). Ministry Of Transport. 7 March 2012.
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| # Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore 1988, p. 15.
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| # "Train and System Information (Trains)" (Archive). SMRT Corporation. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
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| # I J Mortimer & M Ishizuka (April 1987). "Mechanical Features of Singapore MRT Rolling Stock". MRTC & IES 1987, pp. 411-419.
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| # "Hyogo Works History". Kawasaki Heavy Industries. Retrieved 2006-03-19.
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| # Chris Sherwell (12 April 1984). "Kawasaki wins major Singapore metro contract". The Financial Times (London): p. 1.
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| # Ching Li Tor (4 May 2005). "Fair grounds for fare hikes?". Today (Singapore).
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| # T. Rajan (5 November 2006). "MRT trains get $145m overhaul". The Straits Times (Singapore): p. 1.
| |
| # "References — Metro System, MRTC, Six-Car Units, Singapore". Siemens AG. Retrieved 2005-12-07.[dead link]
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| # "Improved MRT train for a better ride arrives". The Straits Times: p. 3. 21 September 1994.
| |
| # "Soon, a shorter wait for MRT trains". The Straits Times: p. 31. 9 May 2000.
| |
| # "Commencement of revenue service at Changi Airport Station" (Press release). SMRT Corporation. 6 February 2002.
| |
| # Karamjit Kaur; Shahida Ariff (24 April 2002). "MRT slow-down as trains are taken off for checks; SMRT pulls out 21 trains after detecting gear fault; longer wait for commuters, direct service to Changi Airport affected". The Straits Times: p. 6.
| |
| # "Board MRT to airport from Tanah Merah". The Straits Times: p. 2. 18 July 2003.
| |
| # "LTA awards $368m train supply job". The Business Times (Singapore). 7 May 2009.
| |
| # Karamjit Kaur (20 November 2002). "Driverless MRT trains on new line will be safe; The North-East MRT line will have safety features like CCTVs and smoke detectors to protect commuters, says LTA". The Straits Times: p. 10.
| |
| # Land Transport Authority et al., Journeys Issue 42 (Jan/Feb 2003), "Safe, Sound and Fully Automated", pp. 8–9.
| |
| # Xavier Champaud (24 October 2005). CCL — The Longest Automatic Metro Line In The World. IRSE Technical Convention, Singapore: Institution of Railway Signal Engineers, Singapore. p. 6. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
| |
| # Christopher Tan (8 November 2008). "Downtown train deal goes to Bombardier". The Straits Times: p. 45.
| |
| # "LTA and SMRT Award Contracts for New Trains and Re-Signalling Project" (Press release). Land Transport Authority. 1 February 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
| |
| # "Alstom to supply 34 Metropolis trains and signaling upgrade to Singapore metro" (Press release). Paris: Alstom. 1 February 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
| |
| # R C Longden & E W Finch (April 1987). "Automatic Fare Collection — Serving the Commuter". MRTC & IES 1987, pp. 319-324.
| |
| # Sharp 2005, pp. 113-115.
| |
| # Land Transport Authority, Singapore 1996, pp. 58-59.
| |
| # "Tricky balance in fare changes". The Straits Times: p. 21. 17 September 2007.
| |
| # Yvonne Cheong (14 April 2005). "Public transport fare hike not justified as SMRT still profitable: CASE". Channel NewsAsia (Singapore).
| |
| # Christopher Tan (13 September 2008). "Bus and MRT fares to go up from Oct 1". The Straits Times: p. 1.
| |
| # "New NEL Fare Structure Approved" (Press release). Public Transport Council. 8 May 2003.[dead link]
| |
| # Maria Almenoar (9 January 2009). "Free replacement exercise on till Sept 30". The Straits Times. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
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| # Imelda Saad (26 August 2008). "New e-payment system and next generation card for public transport". Channel NewsAsia.
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| # Maria Almenoar (13 December 2007). "New unlimited travel pass for visitors". The Straits Times: p. 35.
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| # Tammy Tan (SBS Transit) (24 December 2005). "Measures in place to ensure safe ride on NEL (Letter to the editor)". The Straits Times: p. 12.
| |
| # Y C Siew & J P Copsey (April 1987). "Singapore Mass Rapid Transit System Design for Fire and Emergency". MRTC & IES 1987, pp. 131-139.
| |
| # "Rapid Transit Systems Act (Chapter 263A, Section 42)". Singapore Statutes Online. Retrieved 2005-12-07.
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| # "Fined $30 for eating sweet". Straits Times Interactive (web only). 17 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-20.[dead link]
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| # Matthew Pereira; Branden Pereira (6 August 1993). "MRT Trains collide at Clementi: 132 hurt". The Straits Times: pp. 1 & 25.
| |
| # "Safety at MRT and LRT Stations — Respect The Yellow Line" (Press release). Land Transport Authority. 20 November 2005.
| |
| # "Platform screen doors for all above-ground MRT stations by 2012". The Straits Times. 25 January 2008.
| |
| # Yeo Ghim Lay (3 September 2008). "Platform doors for elevated MRT stations". The Straits Times: p. 26.
| |
| # "COS 2012: Land Transport Updates". Ministry Of Transport. 7 March 2012.
| |
| # "LTA Completes Installation of Half Height Platform Screen Doors" (Press release). Land Transport Authority. 14 March 2012.
| |
| # López, M.J.J. (1996), Den Haag: RCM-advies, "Crime Prevention Guidelines for the Construction & Management of Metro Systems", pp. 35–39.
| |
| # "The Link of the Yishun Videotape" (Press release). Minister for Home Affairs (Singapore). 24 January 2002.
| |
| # Goh Chin Lian (1 June 2004). "Security guards start MRT patrols". The Straits Times: p. 4.
| |
| # Johnson Choo (7 August 2004). "CCTVs at 35 elevated MRT stations to have recording capability by Oct 2004". Channel NewsAsia.
| |
| # Goh Chin Lian (6 June 2006). "Buses, trains get security cameras". The Straits Times: p. 5.
| |
| # Goh Chin Lian (13 May 2005). "Postboxes moved out of MRT, LRT stations". The Straits Times (Singapore): p. 5.
| |
| # Karen Chow (SMRT Corporation) (4 September 2007). "Why no photos at MRT stations... (Letter to the editor)". The Straits Times: p. 29.
| |
| # Dominique Loh (2 May 2005). "MRT stations to have armed police officers on patrol". Channel NewsAsia.
| |
| # Khushwant Singh; Asad Latif (16 August 2005). "Armed police patrol trains". The Straits Times: p. 1.
| |
| # Johnson Choo (15 August 2005). "Special armed police unit begins MRT patrols". Channel NewsAsia.
| |
| # "Singapore holds largest-ever terror attack response drill". Channel NewsAsia. 8 January 2006.
| |
| # Joy Fang (19 August 2011). "MRT graffiti read: 'Jet Setter's'". my paper (Singapore).
| |
| # "MRT train vandalised at Bishan depot". AsiaOne (Singapore). 17 August 2011.
| |
| # Imelda Saad (8 June 2010). "SMRT says staff mistook graffiti on train for advert". Channel NewsAsia.
| |
| # Evelyn Choo (14 February 2011). "SMRT given maximum fine". Channel NewsAsia.
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| '''Academic publications'''
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| * Sock, Y.P. and Walder, Jay H. (1999). Singapore’s Public Transport.
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|
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|
| '''Corporate and governmental sources'''
| | ===Corporate and governmental sources=== |
| * Sharp, Ilsa (2005). The Journey - Singapore's Land Transport Story. SNP:Editions. ISBN 981-248-101-X. | | *Sharp, Ilsa (2005). The Journey — Singapore's Land Transport Story. SNP:Editions. ISBN 981-248-101-X. |
| * Land Transport Authority, Singapore (2 January 1996). A World Class Land Transport System - White Paper presented to Parliament. ISBN 9971-88-488-7.
| | *Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore (1988). The MRT Story. ISBN 981-00-0251-3. |
| * Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore (1993). Stored Value - A Decade of the MRTC. ISBN 981-00-5034-8.
| |
| * Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore (1988). The MRT Story. ISBN 981-00-0251-3. | |
| * Singapore MRT Limited (1987). MRT Guide Book. ISBN 981-00-0150-9.
| |
| * Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC) and Institution of Engineers Singapore (IES) (1987). Mass Rapid Transit System : Proceedings of the Singapore Mass Rapid Transit Conference, Singapore 6–9 April 1987. ISBN 9971-84-636-5.
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| ==Related Links==
| | {{Railway Lines}} |
| {{Railway Lines in Singapore}} | |
| {{Singapore MRT stations}}
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| {{Mass Rapid Transit}} | | {{Mass Rapid Transit}} |
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| [[Category:Mass Rapid Transit]]
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| [[Category:Rail transport in Singapore]]
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Mass Rapid Transit